Abstract
In this chapter the narrative addresses that post-war period in Australian history in the development of Australian universities. Governments began to take more interest in the workings and financial needs of universities. Governments were also dealing with the reconstruction phases after World War II, as well as the need for an increased population. This increased population came from the huge migration program starting from 1947, largely from war-torn Europe. Several government-commissioned reports highlighted the challenges for the expansion of higher education; how many new universities should be built, what they would teach and the need to avoid duplication of courses. Languages were part of this narrative as additional languages were introduced but the need for rationalisation often voiced. The changing nature of Australian demographics brought issues of the settlement of migrants and their welfare needs, and the place of their languages in Australia society.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Children born between 1946 and 1964 in the demographic spike of births post-World War II.
- 2.
These reforms were named after John Dawkins who was the Labor Government’s Minister of the Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET) from 1987 to 1991.
- 3.
CUC’s sole revenue (apart from students’ fees) was an annual grant- in-aid from the Commonwealth Government.
- 4.
The Wyndham Scheme was a major reform of the secondary school curriculum in New South Wales implemented in 1962.
- 5.
The Colombo Plan was an initiative of Commonwealth countries launched in 1951 to assist the economic and social advancement of the peoples of South and South-East Asia.
- 6.
This figure is a conservative approximate as the University of Sydney could not give separate figures for Chinese and Japanese enrolments.
- 7.
ANU, Griffith, James Cook, La Trobe, New England, Tasmania and Wollongong Universities.
- 8.
Universities of Melbourne, New England and Western Australia.
- 9.
The Fraser government lasted from 1975 to 1983 with the Hawke Labor government taking power in March 1983.
- 10.
However, the 1991 Leal Report covered only modern languages so corresponding data for the classical and ancient languages are not available for all universities.
Bibliography
Government Reports, Records and Legislation
Australian Advisory Council on Languages and Multicultural Education (AACLAME). (1990). The national policy on languages: December 1987–March 1990: Report to the minister for employment, education and training. Canberra, Australia: Australian Advisory Council on Languages and Multicultural Education.
Australian Electoral Commission. (2000). Minute: Naming of the new WA electoral division. Accessed from http://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/files/2000/wa/suggestions/stringall.pdf on 8 Sept 2011.
Australian Universities Commission (AUC). (1963). Second report of the Australian Universities Commission, Australian universities 1961–1966. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Government Printer.
Australian Universities Commission. (1975a). Languages and linguistics in Australian universities: Report of the working party on languages and linguistics to the Universities commission. (known as the Kramer Report). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Australian Universities Commission. (1975b). Sixth report of the Australian Universities Commission. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Australian Universities Commission. (1976). Report for 1977–79 triennium. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Commonwealth Committee on Needs of Universities (CCNU). (1950). Interim report of the commonwealth committee on needs of universities. (known as the Mills Report). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Committee.
Commonwealth Department of Education. (1982). Towards a national language policy. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1957). Report of the committee on Australian universities. (known as the Murray Report). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Government Printer.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1964). Tertiary education in Australia: Report of the committee on the future of tertiary education in Australia to the Australian Universities Commission. (known as the Martin Report) (Vol. I & II). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Government Printer.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1965). Tertiary education in Australia: Report of the committee on the future of tertiary education in Australia to the Australian Universities Commission. (known as the Martin Report) (Vol. Volume III). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Government Printer.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1970). The teaching of Asian languages and cultures in Australia. Report by the Commonwealth Advisory Committee on the Teaching of Asian Languages and Cultures in Australia (known as the Auchmuty Report). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1978). Migrant services and programs: Report of the review of post-arrival programs and services for migrants. (known as the Galbally Report). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET). (1988). Higher education: A policy statement. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Department of Employment, Education and Training. (1991a). Australia’s language: The Australian language and literacy policy. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Department of Employment, Education and Training. (1991b). Australia’s language: The Australian language and literacy policy. Companion volume to the policy information paper. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2005). Australia and the Colombo Plan 1949–1957. Accessed from https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/colombo_plan/ on 8 Nov 2013.
Fadden, A. (1950). Australia’s expanding prosperity. In F. Crowley (Ed.)., (1973) Modern Australia in documents 1939–1970, Volume 2 (pp. 229–231). Melbourne, Australia: Wren Publishing.
Leal, B. (1991a). Widening our horizons: Report of the review of the teaching of modern languages in higher education, Volume I. (known as the Leal Report). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Leal, B. (1991b). Widening our horizons: Report of the review of the teaching of modern languages in higher education, Volume II. (known as the Leal Report). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Lo Bianco, J. (1987). National policy on languages. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
National Asian Languages & Cultures Working Group (NALCWG). (1994). Asian languages and Australia’s economic future. A report prepared for the Council of Australian Governments on a proposed national Asian languages/studies strategy for Australian schools. (known as the Rudd Report). Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Government Printer.
National Graduate. (2000). “Nugget” Coombs – A special Australian. Accessed from http://www.anu.edu.au/pad/alumni/natgrad/nugget.html on 8 Sept 2011.
NSW Committee appointed to survey secondary education. (1957). Report of the committee appointed to survey secondary education in New South Wales. Sydney, Australia: V.C.N. Blight, Government Printer.
Senate Standing Committee on Education and the Arts. (1984). Report on a national language policy. Canberra, Australia: The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service.
Tertiary Education Commission (TEC). (1977). Recommendations for 1978. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Academic Reports and Surveys, Conference Proceedings
Australian Academy of the Humanities (AAH). (1975). Survey of foreign language teaching in the Australian universities (1965–1973). Canberra, Australia: AAH.
Australian Vice-Chancellors’ Committee (AVCC). (1952). A crisis in the finances and development of the Australian universities. Canberra, Australia: AVCC.
Borrie, W., & Rodgers, R. (1961). Australian population projections 1960–75: A study of changing population structure. Canberra, Australia: The Department of Demography, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University.
Hawley, D. (1982). Foreign language study in Australian tertiary institutions 1974–1981. Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong.
Lo Bianco, J., & Gvozdenko, I. (2006). Collaboration and innovation in the provision of languages other than English in Australian universities. Melbourne, Australia: Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne.
White, F. (1979). Robert Gordon Menzies 1894–1978. Biographical Memoirs of Deceased Fellows. Australian Academy of Science, (revised 1998). Accessed from http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/aasmemoirs/menzies.htm on 22 Jul 2011.
Wykes, O. (1966). Survey of foreign language teaching in the Australian universities. Canberra, Australia: Australian Humanities Research Council.
Wykes, O., & King, M. (1968). Teaching of foreign languages in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.
University Records and Official Publications
Australian National University (ANU). (n.d.). ANU history – Information services @ ANU. Accessed from http://information.anu.edu.au/daisy/infoservices/273.html on 17 Jan 2011.
Flinders University. (n.d.-b). From the ground up: 1958–1965 – Flinders University. Accessed from http://www.flinders.edu.au/about/our-university/our-history/1958%2D%2D- on 9 May 2011.
Monash University. (1963). In Monash University (Ed.), Monash University general information for students for 1963. Clayton, Australia.
University of Melbourne. (1985). Annual report of the proceedings of the University for the year ended 31st December, 1984. In University of Melbourne calendar 1985. Parkville, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
University of Wollongong. (1980). Campus News, 6(2), 1–12.
University of Wollongong. (1982). Campus News, November, pp. 1–6.
Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre. (1990). The VTAC guide to courses in colleges and universities 1991. Melbourne, Australia: VTAC.
Victorian Universities Admissions Committee (VUAC). (1970). The Victorian universities guide for prospective 1971 students. Melbourne, Australia: VUAC.
Victorian Universities Admissions Committee. (1975). The Victorian universities guide for prospective 1976 students. Melbourne, Australia: VUAC.
Victorian Universities Admissions Committee. (1979). The Victorian universities guide for prospective 1980 students. Melbourne, Australia: VUAC.
Victorian Universities Admissions Committee. (1984). The Victorian universities guide for prospective 1985 students. Melbourne, Australia: VUAC.
Newspapers
A Staff Correspondent. (1953, April 19). How important are Asian languages? The Sunday Herald, Sydney, p.2.
Far East is near north to Australia. (1948, November 30). The Canberra Times, p. 2.
Govt. will grant extra money for universities. (1951, November 28). Sydney Morning Herald, p.3.
Purvis, W. (1977, April 22). Campuses face spending axe. Times Higher Education Supplement.
Theses
Quinn, J. (2005). Asian studies in Australian education. (Doctoral dissertation). Accessed from University of Melbourne Research Collections (UMER: www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/eprints) (PID 264393.)
Books, Articles and Websites
Auchmuty, J. in collaboration with Jeffares, A. (1959). Australian Universities: The historical background. In A. Grenfell Price (Ed.), The humanities in Australia: A survey with special reference to the Universities (pp. 14–33). Sydney: Angus & Robertson for the Australian Humanities Research Council.
Australian Academy of Science. (n.d.). Biographical Memoirs-Herbert Cole-Coombs. Accessed from http://www.science.org.au/fellows/memoirs/coombs.html on 8 Sept 2011.
Barnard, M. (1962). A history of Australia. Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson.
Bell, P. (2010). Our place in the sun. Townsville, Australia: James Cook University.
Blackwood, R. (1968). Monash University: The first ten years. Melbourne, Australia: Hampden Hall.
Bolton, G. (1985). It had better be a good one: The first ten years of Murdoch University. Perth, Australia: Murdoch University.
Bunting, J. (1988). R. G. Menzies, a portrait. North Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
Burton, H. (1953). The Canberra University College. Education News, IV(3), 3–5.
Calwell, A. (1945). How many Australians tomorrow? Melbourne, Australia: Reed & Harris.
Calwell, A. (1948). Population-Australia’s biggest deficit. Twentieth Century: An Australian Quarterly Review, III(1), 10–17.
Caro, D., Martin, R., & Oliphant, M. (1987). Leslie Harold Martin. 21 December 1900–1 February 1983. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 33(Dec.), 388–409.
Castle, J. (1991). University of Wollongong, an illustrated history 1951–1991. Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong.
Clyne, M. (1997). Language policy in Australia – Achievements, disappointments, prospects. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 18(1), 63–71.
Connell, W., Sherington, G., Fletcher, B., Turney, C., & Bygott, U. (1995). Australia’s first – A history of the University of Sydney, Volume 2, 1940–1990. Sydney, Australia: The University of Sydney in association with Hale & Iremonger.
Croft, K., & Macpherson, R. (1991). The evolution of languages administrative policies in New South Wales: 1962/1979. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 35–58.
Darian-Smith, K. (2013). World War 2 and post-war reconstruction, 1939–49. In A. Bashford & S. Macintyre (Eds.), The Cambridge history of Australia, Volume 2, the commonwealth of Australia (pp. 88–111). Port Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Davison, G., & Murphy, K. (2012). University unlimited: The Monash story. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
Ford, A. (1953). Australian university development in the post-war period. The Australian Quarterly, 25(2), 53–59.
Forsyth, H. (2014). A history of the modern Australian university. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing.
Foster, S., & Varghese, M. (1996). The making of the Australian National University 1946–1996. St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
Gallagher, H. (2003). We got a fair go: A history of the commonwealth reconstruction training scheme 1945–1952. Kew, Australia: Hector Gallagher.
Garton, S., & Stanley, P. (2013). The great war and its aftermath, 1914–22. In A. Bashford & S. Macintyre (Eds.), The Cambridge history of Australia, Volume 2, the commonwealth of Australia (pp. 39–63). Port Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Gerster, R. (2008). Travels in atomic sunshine: Australia and the occupation of Japan. Carlton North, Australia: Scribe Publications.
Glenn, J. (1989). The planning phase. In W. Breen (Ed.), Building La Trobe University (pp. 21–30). Melbourne, Australia: La Trobe University Press.
Groenewegen, P. (1986). Mills, Richard Charles (1886–1952). Canberra, Australia: Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University Accessed from http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mills-richard-charles-7593/text13261 on 30 July 2013.
Gyngell, A., & Wesley, M. (2007). Making Australian foreign policy (2nd ed.). Port Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Harman, G. (2005). Implementing comprehensive national higher education reforms: The Australian reforms of Education Minister John Dawkins, 1987–90. In A. Gornitzka, M. Kogan, & A. Amaral (Eds.), Reform & change in higher education: Analysing policy implementation (pp. 169–185). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Hay, R., Lowe, D., & Gibb, D. (2002). Breaking the mould: Deakin University, the first twenty-five years. Geelong, Australia: Deakin University.
Henderson, D. (2008). Politics and policy-making for Asia literacy: The Rudd report and a national strategy in Australian education. Asian Studies Review, 32(2), 171–195.
Henderson, D. (2011). Why teaching about Asia matters in higher education. Asian Currents, March, 3–5.
Herriman, M. (1996). Language policy in Australia. In M. Herriman & B. Burnaby (Eds.), Language policies in English-dominant countries: Six case studies (pp. 35–61). Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Hilliard, D. (1991). Flinders University: The first 25 years, 1966–1991. Adelaide, Australia: The Flinders University of South Australia.
Jacobs, M. (1953). Oriental studies in the University of Sydney. The Australian Quarterly, 25(2), 82–90.
Jenkins, J., & Richards, J. (1989). La Trobe as a teaching university. In W. Breen (Ed.), Building La Trobe University (pp. 75–84). Melbourne, Australia: La Trobe University Press.
Joske, P. (1978). Sir Robert Menzies 1894–1978. Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson.
Lack, J., & Templeton, J. (1995). Bold experiment: A documentary history of Australian immigration since 1945. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Lo Bianco, J. (2009). Second languages and Australian schooling. Australian Education Review, 54. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.
Lo Bianco, J., & Aliani, R. (2013). Language planning and student experiences: Intention, rhetoric and implementation. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Mackinnon, A., & Proctor, H. (2013). Education. In A. Bashford & S. Macintyre (Eds.), The Cambridge history of Australia, Volume 2, the commonwealth of Australia (pp. 429–451). Port Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Mansfield, B., & Hutchinson, M. (1992). Liberality of opportunity: A history of Macquarie University 1964–1989. Sydney, Australia: Hale & Iremonger.
Marginson, S. (1997). Educating Australia: Government, economy and citizen since 1960. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Marginson, S. (2002). Nation-building universities in a global environment: The case of Australia. Higher Education, 43, 409–428.
Martin, A. (2007). The ‘Whig’ view of Australian history and other essays. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
Martin, M. (2005). Permanent crisis, tenuous persistence: Foreign languages in Australian universities. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 4(1), 53–75.
Matheson, L. (1980). Still learning. South Melbourne, Australia: Macmillan.
McDougall, D. (1998). Australian foreign relations – Contemporary perspectives. South Melbourne, Australia: Longman.
Menzies, R. (1961). The challenge to education. In The Australian College of Education (Ed.), The challenge to Australian education (pp. 1–12). Melbourne, Australia: F. W. Cheshire for the Australian College of Education.
Milne, F. (2001). The Australian universities: A study in public policy failure. Queen’s Economic Department Working Paper No. 1080. Accessed from http://www.qed.queensu.ca/working_papers/papers/qed_wp_1080.pdf on 21 Mar 2013.
Moses, I. (2004). Unified national system or uniform national system? The Australian experience. Accessed from http://www.innovation.gov.au/HigherEducation/StudentSupport/NationalProtocolsForHigherEducationApprovalProcesses/Documents/NationaProtocolsforHEApprovalProcesses/uni_new_england_info_pdf.pdf on 14 Aug 2013.
Mulvaney, J. (2003). Foreword. In H. Gallagher (Ed.), We got a fair go: A history of the commonwealth reconstruction training scheme 1945–1952 (pp. iii–iiv). Kew, Australia: Hector Gallagher.
Mulvaney, J. (2011). Digging up a past. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
Myers, D. (1989). The first decade. In W. Breen (Ed.), Building La Trobe University (pp. 31–38). Melbourne, Australia: La Trobe University Press.
O’Farrell, P. (1999). UNSW: A portrait. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
Ozolins, U. (1993). The politics of language in Australia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Penington, D. (1993). Excellence, not competence, why competency-based training is inappropriate for higher education. IPA Review, 46(1), 26–30.
Pietsch, T. (2013). Empire of scholars: Universities, networks, and the British academic world, 1850–1939. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Poynter, J., & Rasmussen, C. (1996). A place apart: The University of Melbourne: Decades of challenge. Parkville, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
Quirke, N. (1996). Preparing for the future – A history of Griffith University 1971–1996. Brisbane, Australia: Boolarong Press with Griffith University.
Scott, J. (1989). The open door. In W. Breen (Ed.), Building La Trobe University (pp. 177–184). Melbourne, Australia: La Trobe University Press.
Selleck, R. (2003). The shop – The University of Melbourne 1850–1939. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
Tweedie, S. (1994). Trading partners: Australian and Asia 1790–1993. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
Wigmore, L. (1963). The long view – A history of Canberra, Australia’s national capital. Melbourne, Australia: F. W. Cheshire.
Williams, R. (2013). System funding and institutional allocation. In G. Croucher, S. Marginson, A. Norton, & J. Wells (Eds.), The Dawkins revolution: 25 years on (pp. 91–107). Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
Willis, A. (1983). The University of New South Wales: The Baxter years. Kensington, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
Wright, D. (1992). (assisted by R. Geale). Looking back: A history of the University of Newcastle. Callaghan, Australia: The University of Newcastle.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baldwin, J.J. (2019). Post-War Expansion. In: Languages other than English in Australian Higher Education. Language Policy, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05795-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05795-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05794-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05795-4
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)