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Argentina

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The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era

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Abstract

De Amézola examines the culture of memory and curricular developments in Argentina following the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983 and the fate of the ‘disappeared’. The first commission to investigate the crimes of the dictatorship published the Nunca Más report. While Menem’s reconciliatory policies included sweeping reforms to education, the confession of Captain Scilingo in 1995 led to an increase of interest in human rights violations, also known as the ‘memory boom’. Kirchner’s election promulgated the ‘HIJOS’ culture of memory to official policy, and stipulated study of the dictatorship a compulsory component of secondary education. De Amézola cautions against the pedagogism of memory, noting that while trauma continues to persist in Argentina, representations of its recent past are also in flux.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Comisión Nacional sobre la desaparición de Personas [National Commission on the Disappearance of People].

  2. 2.

    CONADEP, Nunca Más (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 1984).

  3. 3.

    Crenzel, E. Historia política del Nunca Más [Political History of the ‘Nunca Más’] (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2008).

  4. 4.

    Compulsory schools were renamed Basic General Schools, while schools providing further secondary education were called Polymodal Education.

  5. 5.

    From 1992 onwards, schools were administrated by their respective provincial authorities; national regulations on these matters merely established the guidelines that the provinces had to follow in their syllabus.

  6. 6.

    R. A. Potash, El ejercito y la politica en la Argentina: 1962–1973: De la caída de Frondizi a la restauración peronista [The Army and Politics in Argentina: 1962–1973: From the Fall of Frondizi to Peronist Restoration], 2 vols (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 1994); A. Rouquié, Autoritarismos y democracia [Authoritarianism and democracy] (Buenos Aires: Edicial, 1994); P. García, El drama de la autonomía militar [The Drama of Military Autonomy] (Madrid: Alianza, 1995); E. López, Seguridad nacional y sedición militar [National Security and Military Sedition] (Buenos Aires: Legasa, 1987).

  7. 7.

    H. Maceyra, Las presidencias peronistas: Cámpora/Perón/Isabel [The Peronist Presidencies: Campora/Peron/Isabel] (Buenos Aires: CEAL, 1983); G. Di Tella, Perón—Perón, 1973–1976 (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 1985); S. Amaral and M. Ben Poltkin, eds., Perón: del exilio al poder [Péron: From Exile to Power] (Buenos Aires: Cántaro, 1993); T. Halperín Donghi, La larga agonía de la Argentina peronista [The Long Agony of Peronist Argentina] (Buenos Aires: Ariel, 1994).

  8. 8.

    P. Giussani, Montoneros: La soberbia armada [Montoneros: The Armed Arrogance] (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana/Planeta, 1984); M. E. Andersen, Dossier secreto (El mito de la ‘guerra sucia’ en Argentina) [Dossier Secret (The Myth of the ‘Dirty War’ in Argentina)] (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 1993).

  9. 9.

    R. Gillespie, Soldados de Perón: Los Montoneros [Soldiers of Péron: The Montoneros], 2nd edn. (Buenos Aires: Grijalbo, 1997), 7.

  10. 10.

    Scilingo’s statement was published in a book: H. Verbitsky, El vuelo (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1995).

  11. 11.

    Hijos por la Identidad y la Justicia, contra el Olvido y el Silencio (Children [Sons and Daughters] for Identity and Justice against Oblivion and Silence).

  12. 12.

    Mothers of Plaza de Mayo.

  13. 13.

    M. Bonasso, El presidente que no fue. Los archivos ocultos del peronismo [The President who Was Not: The Hidden Files of Peronism] (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1997).

  14. 14.

    E. Anguita and M. Caparrós, La Voluntad: Una historia de la militancia revolucionaria en la Argentina [The Will: A History of Revolutionary Militancy in Argentina] (Buenos Aires: Norma, 1997).

  15. 15.

    One example from a vast bibliography is: J. P. Brennan, El Cordobazo (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 1996).

  16. 16.

    For example: P. Pozzi and A. Schneider, Los setentistas: Izquierda y clase obrera: 1969–1976 [The Setentistas: Left and Working Class: 1969–1976] (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2000).

  17. 17.

    For example: A. Pucciarelli, ed., La primacía de la política. Lanusse, Perón y la Nueva Izquierda en tiempos del GAN [The Primacy of Politics: Lanusse, Péron and the New Left in times of GAN] (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 1999).

  18. 18.

    For example: C. Altamirano, Peronismo y cultura de izquierda [Peronism and Leftist Culture] (Buenos Aires: Temas, 2001).

  19. 19.

    Dirección General de Cultura y Educación, Provincia de Buenos Aires: Diseño Curricular. Educación Inicial: Escuela General Básica [Province of Buenos Aires: Curriculum Design: Early Education: General Basic School] Tomo II. (La Plata, 1999), 102.

  20. 20.

    Dirección de Cultura y Educación de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Educación Polimodal. Contenidos y expectativas de logro [‘Polymodal’ Education: Content and Achievement Expectations] (La Plata, 1999), 52.

  21. 21.

    Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.

  22. 22.

    D. Lvovich and J. Bisquert, La cambiante memoria de la dictadura [The Changing Memory of the Dictatorship] (Los Polvorines: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento/Biblioteca Nacional, 2008), 83.

  23. 23.

    Dirección General de Cultura y Educación de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Programa de Definición del Diseño Curricular del Nivel Polimodal [Definition Program of ‘Polymodal’ Education Curricular Design] (La Plata, 2003).

  24. 24.

    For example: H. Vezzetti, Pasado y presente. Guerra, dictadura y sociedad en la Argentina [Past and Present: War, Dictatorship and Society in Argentina] (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2002); P. Calveiro, Política y/o violencia: Una aproximación a la guerrilla de los años 70 [Policy and/or Violence: An Approach to the Guerrillas of the 70s] (Buenos Aires: Norma, 2005); A. Longoni, Traiciones: La figura del traidor en los relatos acerca de los sobrevivientes de la repression [Betrayals: The Figure of the Traitor in the Stories About the Survivors of Repression] (Buenos Aires: Norma, 2007); M. M. Ollier, De la revolución a la democracia. Cambios privados, públicos y políticos de la izquierda argentina [From Revolution to Democracy: Private, Public and Political Changes in Argentina’s Left] (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2009); H. Vezzetti, Sobre la violencia revolucionaria: Memorias y olvidos [About Revolutionary Violence: Memory and Forgetting] (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2009).

  25. 25.

    Cf. Ley de Educación Nacional: Law No. 26.206, Art. 92, accessed 21 April 2017, www.me.gov.ar.

  26. 26.

    In the sixth year of primary school, the military governments of the twentieth century are also included in the syllabus.

  27. 27.

    Crenzel, Historia Política del Nunca Más.

  28. 28.

    Cf. L. F. Cerri and G. de Amézola, ‘El Estudio Empírico de la Conciencia Histórica en Jóvenes de Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay [The Empirical Study of Historical Consciousness in Youth of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay]’, Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales 24 (2010), 3–23.

  29. 29.

    Cf. E. Traverso, La historia como campo de batalla [History as a Battlefield] (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2012), particularly 286–287.

  30. 30.

    R. Robin, La memoria saturada [Memory Saturated] (Buenos Aires: Waldhuter, 2004), 367.

  31. 31.

    P. Ricoeur, La memoria, la historia, el olvido [Memory, History, Forgetting] (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2004).

  32. 32.

    Letter from Oscar del Barco, El Interpretador, 2005, accessed 21 April 2017, https://laempresadevivir.wordpress.com/2010/05/07/otras-respuestas-a-la-carta-de-oscar-del-barco.

  33. 33.

    P.R. Belzagui, H. Jouvé and O. del Barco, No Matar: sobre la responsabilidad [Do Not Kill: On Responsibility] (Córdoba: Editorial El Cíclope/La intemperie/Editorial de la UNC, 2007).

  34. 34.

    Calveiro, Política y/o violencia.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., 76.

Further Reading

  • Andreozzi, G., ed. Juicios por crímenes de lesa humanidad en Argentina [Trials for Crimes Against Humanity in Argentina]. Buenos Aires: Atuel, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco, M. Un enemigo para la nación. Orden, violencia y ‘subversión’ [An Enemy for the Nation: Order, Violence and ‘Subversion’]. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilb, C. Usos del pasado. Qué hacemos hoy con los setenta [Uses of the Past: What We Do Today with the Seventies]. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelin, E., and F. Lorenz. Educación y memoria. La escuela elabora el pasado [Education and Memory: The School Prepares the Past]. Madrid/Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, C. Dictadura y educación. Los textos escolares en la historia argentina reciente [Dictatorship and Education: Textbooks in Argentinian Recent History]. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Modern History and History Didactics, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy

    Gonzalo de Amézola

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  1. Gonzalo de Amézola
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Modern History and History Didactics, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy

    Luigi Cajani

  2. German Historical Institute, Washington, DC, USA

    Simone Lässig

  3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Maria Repoussi

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de Amézola, G. (2019). Argentina. In: Cajani, L., Lässig, S., Repoussi, M. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05722-0_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05722-0_2

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05722-0

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