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Toward Global Justice: Intersecting Structural Vulnerabilities as a Key Category for Equality Policies in the Age of Bordered Migrations

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Challenging the Borders of Justice in the Age of Migrations

Part of the book series: Studies in Global Justice ((JUST,volume 18))

Abstract

Equality between women and men is one of the millennium goals. However, policies adopted to pursue such a goal mainly rely on an essentialized “Woman” subject. This chapter discusses the detrimental practical implications of such conceptualizations as a source of global inequality within the current bordered configuration of the planet in the age of migrations. The chapter is articulated along four sections. The first section recalls the relevance of the gendered care structure as an essential category for theories of justice. The second section discusses the concept of group-based gender vulnerability and its limits. The third section engages with the contributions of counterhegemonic feminisms and proposes intersectionality as a key concept to reveal the gendered, racialized and bordered dimensions of social injustices at the global level. The fourth section analyzes a case study. Aiming at bridging theory and praxis, Spanish gender equality policy are analyzed to illustrate the practical implications of the conceptualizations discussed in the previous sections. The chapter shows that Spanish equality policies are exclusionary and reproduce vulnerability for exploited migrant women working in the care sector. Intersectionality is indicated as an indispensable category to make equality policies inclusive and advance towards gender justice at the global level.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) published the most comprehensive European-wide survey on gender violence. The report is based on 42,000 interviews conducted in the 28 EU Member States. See “Violence against women: an EU-wide survey” at http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-results-report (last accessed in January 2018).

  2. 2.

    See European Institute for Gender Equality EIGE, Gender Equality Index 2017, http://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index. It is worth recalling here that the fragmented use of quantitative data can lead to ignoring the intersections of social structures that generate inequalities, ending up in reproducing segmented images of societal complexity. See, for instance, Hancock (2013).

  3. 3.

    See, in this volume, Chap. 12 by Sciurba (2019).

  4. 4.

    See, in this volume, Chap. 10 by Uhde (2019).

  5. 5.

    See, in this volume, Chap. 7 by Blanco (2019).

  6. 6.

    For an inspiring critique of such a concept from a feminist economy perspective, see Pérez Orozco (2014: 154).

  7. 7.

    I follow here Arlie Hochschild’s concept of gender “stalled revolution” (Hochschild 1989).

  8. 8.

    The Combahee River Collective claims that “we need to articulate the real class situation of persons who are not merely raceless, sexless workers, but for whom racial and sexual oppression are significant determinants in their working and economic lives” (Combahee River Collective [1977] 1982: 16).

  9. 9.

    See Economically Active Population Survey/Encuesta de Población Activa of the Spanish Statistic Office, www.ine.es.

  10. 10.

    The “contingent” of foreign workers has been established in the Organic Act 4/2000 of rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain.

  11. 11.

    The catalog of difficult-to-fill occupations has been established by the Royal Decree 2393/2004.

  12. 12.

    See the population barometer of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/11_barometros/index.jsp (last accessed in March 2018).

  13. 13.

    See http://www.ine.es.

  14. 14.

    See the Delegation for Gender Violence of the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, http://www.violenciagenero.msssi.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/victimasMortales/fichaMujeres/home.htm (last accessed in March 2018).

  15. 15.

    For the analysis of equality policies adopted at the regional level, see, for instance, Ahedo Gurrutxaga et al. (2016).

  16. 16.

    Already in 2010, there was a significant setback when the Ministry of Equality was abolished by the same government that had created it 2 years earlier.

  17. 17.

    The Council for the Elimination of Racial or Ethnic Discrimination has been operational since 2009, and in 2014, it became part of the Woman’s Institute. It is the body responsible for the promotion of equal treatment among all people for racial or ethnic reasons. See Instituto de la Mujer, http://www.igualdadynodiscriminacion.msssi.es/home.do.

  18. 18.

    Gender pay gap only recently entered the electoral debates, becoming an important issue of the parties’ programs during the national elections of 2015. Recently, the congress unanimously supported a motion that urged the government to reduce wage inequality between women and men. See Congreso de los Diputados, Diario de sesiones http://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L12/CONG/DS/PL/DSCD-12-PL-32.PDF.

  19. 19.

    Since 2011, health care , occupational rehabilitation (including maternity benefits), invalidity and retirement (Art. 38.3, RD 1/1994) are recognized for domestic workers, although they are excluded from unemployment benefits. Art. 2 of RD 29/2012 established the possibility for domestic workers to manage their registration for social security. Yet, implementation of legislation still is uneven.

  20. 20.

    See Plataforma por Permisos Iguales e Intransferibles por Nacimiento y Adopción (PIINA), https://igualeseintransferibles.org/ (last accessed in March 2018).

  21. 21.

    See Ley 9/2009, de 6 de octubre, de ampliación de la duración del permiso de paternidad en los casos de nacimiento, adopción o acogida, http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/Normativa/123430 (last accessed in March 2018).

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the R&D grant “Human rights and global justice in the context of international migrations” (FFI2013-42521-P) funded by the Spanish Program for the Promotion of Scientific and Technical Research for Excellence. I am grateful to friends and colleagues for their careful reading and constructive suggestions to previous versions of this chapter, in particular to Juan Carlos Velasco, Isabel Turégano, Francisco Blanco Brotons and Jone Martínez Palacios.

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    MariaCaterina La Barbera

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  1. Institute of Philosophy, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    Juan Carlos Velasco

  2. Faculty of Social Sciences, Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain

    MariaCaterina La Barbera

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La Barbera, M. (2019). Toward Global Justice: Intersecting Structural Vulnerabilities as a Key Category for Equality Policies in the Age of Bordered Migrations. In: Velasco, J., La Barbera, M. (eds) Challenging the Borders of Justice in the Age of Migrations. Studies in Global Justice, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05590-5_11

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