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Bioavailability and Metabolism of Vitamin E

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Vitamin E in Human Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Dietary vitamin E is ingested from plant foods, fortified foods, and/or dietary supplements as a mixture of the four tocopherols and the four tocotrienols and to a lesser extent tocomonoenols. Natural sources of vitamin E and food supplements contain both free and esterified forms of vitamin E. Vitamin E has a high bioavailability of ca. 50–80% and follows the general absorptive route of dietary fats. Vitamin E is absorbed even in the absence of dietary lipids, but its uptake in the small intestine can be enhanced by simultaneous fat consumption. There is no discrimination between all congeners during absorption, but the liver preferentially incorporates α-tocopherol into lipoproteins that are released into the bloodstream for distribution of lipids to peripheral tissues. The enzymatic degradation of vitamin E to its short-chain metabolites, destined for urinary excretion, in the small intestine and liver is the most important factor regulating the retention of the different vitamin E congeners in the organism. In the liver, the cytosolic α-tocopherol transfer protein is required for the secretion of vitamin E into the blood and appears to limit the excretion of mainly α-tocopherol, but to a smaller extent also the non-α-tocopherol congeners, from the body, thus making sure that sufficient vitamin E is retained for its essential biological functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

    Sandra Flory & Jan Frank

  2. University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda, Germany

    Marc Birringer

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  1. Sandra Flory
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  2. Marc Birringer
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Correspondence to Jan Frank .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart , Germany

    Peter Weber

  2. University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda, Germany

    Marc Birringer

  3. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeffrey B. Blumberg

  4. University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplain 1, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Manfred Eggersdorfer

  5. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart , Germany

    Jan Frank

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Flory, S., Birringer, M., Frank, J. (2019). Bioavailability and Metabolism of Vitamin E. In: Weber, P., Birringer, M., Blumberg, J., Eggersdorfer, M., Frank, J. (eds) Vitamin E in Human Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05315-4_4

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