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Probiotics as a Dietary Intervention for Reducing the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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Pharmaceuticals from Microbes

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 28))

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in triglyceride fat content of liver cells without excessive consumption of alcohol. It is the most predominant liver disease among different age groups including children and adults. Unhealthy foods such as high fructose and high trans-fatty acids in saturated fat seem to be associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Different clusters of gut microbiota, e.g., Firmicutes, could regulate the energy balance and fat storage. Furthermore, different metabolites of gut microbiota, for example, endogenous short chain fatty acids and ethanol, are associated with increased levels of lipogenesis. Additionally, metabolism of endogenous ethanol leads to the formation of acetaldehyde resulting in increased oxidative stress and ultimately inducing liver injury. Lipopolysaccharides of the outer membrane of Gram-negative gut bacteria may also initiate some low grade inflammation in liver tissues. However, few reports from NAFLD patients showed ordinary serum endotoxin levels, excluding endotoxemia from the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Beneficial gut microbiota, chiefly lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, may induce positive effects through suppression of inflammatory cascades and exclusion of NAFLD promoting microbes, promoting gut barrier functions reducing levels of NAFLD pathogenesis. Therefore, selective probiotic strains with proven efficacy for NAFLD management and validated safety can be considered as a promising futuristic approach for NAFLD management. In this chapter, we review the normal gut microbiota, gut microbiota shifts in obesity, the role of some gut microbiota metabolites and dietary fructose in development of NAFLD, and the protective effect of different probiotics in reduction the risk of NAFLD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Fouad M. F. Elshaghabee

  2. Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India

    Namita Rokana & Harsh Panwar

  3. Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food), Kiel, Germany

    Knut J. Heller

  4. Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

    Jürgen Schrezenmeir

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  1. Fouad M. F. Elshaghabee
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  2. Namita Rokana
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  3. Harsh Panwar
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  4. Knut J. Heller
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  5. Jürgen Schrezenmeir
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Correspondence to Fouad M. F. Elshaghabee .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India

    Divya Arora

  2. Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Chetan Sharma

  3. CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India

    Sundeep Jaglan

  4. Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France

    Eric Lichtfouse

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Elshaghabee, F.M.F., Rokana, N., Panwar, H., Heller, K.J., Schrezenmeir, J. (2019). Probiotics as a Dietary Intervention for Reducing the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. In: Arora, D., Sharma, C., Jaglan, S., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Pharmaceuticals from Microbes. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04675-0_8

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