Abstract
This chapter makes the case for increased attention to the discourse theoretical notion of sedimented practices in populism research and International Relations (IR). Sedimented practices circumscribe the domain of credibility and intelligibility of a society’s socio-economic setting. In contrast to previous studies in both populism research and IR that stress populists’ radical break with traditional policy, a focus on sedimented practices shifts our attention to the need for any successful project to resonate with established discursive patterns to gain credibility. We illustrate the theoretical argument drawing on an example that, at least at first glance, seems to be a prime example for populists’ proneness to break with tradition—Donald J Trump’s campaign statements on foreign policy. We argue that the notion of sedimented practices helps tease out how even Trump’s foreign policy vision draws on deeply established traditions of US foreign policy for legitimacy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abrams, Elliott. 2017. Trump the Traditionalist. Foreign Affairs 96 (4): 10–16.
Allen, Theodore W. 2012. The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols, exp. ed. New York: Verso.
Bennington, Geoffrey. 2006. Saussure and Derrida. In The Cambridge Companion to Saussure, ed. Carol Sanders, 186–204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bercovitch, S. 1975. The Puritan Origins of the American Self. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Bloom, Peter, and Carl Rhodes. 2018. CEO Society: The Corporate Takeover of Everyday Life. London: Zed Books.
Bolton, John R. 2000. Should We Take Global Governance Seriously? Chicago Journal of International Law 1 (2): 205–222.
Brooks, Rosa. 2016. Donald Trump Has a Coherent, Realist Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. Online, April 12. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/12/donald-trump-has-a-coherent-realist-foreign-policy/.
Butler, Judith. 1992. Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism. In Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan Scott, 3–21. New York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. London and New York: Routledge.
Campbell, David. 1998. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, rev. ed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Carter, Jimmy. 1977. Inaugural Address, Thursday, January 20. http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres60.html. Accessed 5 March 2014.
Carter, Ralph G. 2003. Leadership at Risk: The Perils of Unilateralism. Political Science and Politics 36 (1): 17–22.
Cha, Taesuh. 2017. The Return of Jacksonianism: The International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon. The Washington Quarterly 39 (4): 83–97.
Cimbala, Stephen J., and Peter Forster. 2005. The US, Nato, and Military Burden-Sharing. London and New York: Frank Cass.
Clinton, Bill. 1992. Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York, July 16. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25958. Accessed 5 March 2014.
Cohn, Carol. 1987. Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals. Signs 12 (4): 687–718.
Cohn, Carol. 1993. Wars, Wimps, and Women: Talking Gender and Thinking War. In Gendering War Talk, ed. Miriam Cooke and Angela Woollacott, 227–246. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Critchley, Simon, and Oliver Marchart. 2004. Introduction. In Laclau: A Critical Reader, ed. Simon Critchley and Oliver Marchart, 1–13. London and New York: Routledge.
Croft, Stuart. 2006. Culture, Crisis, and America’s War on Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daalder, Ivo H., and James M. Lindsay. 2003. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
de Beistegui, Miguel. 1998. Heidegger & the Political. London and New York: Routledge.
Der Derain, James. 1995. A Reinterpretation of Realism: Genealogy, Semiology, Dromology. In International Theory: Critical Investigations, ed. James Der Derian, 363–396. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Derrida, Jacques. 1992. The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Diken, Bülent, and Carsten Lausten. 2005. The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp. London: Routledge.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1953. Inaugural Address, January 20, 1953, Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wooley. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9600. Accessed 25 January 2015.
Fidler, David P. 2017. President Trump, Trade Policy, and American Grand Strategy: From Common Advantage to Collective Carnage. Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy 12 (1): 1–31.
Fiske, John. 1885. Manifest Destiny. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 70 (418): 578–590.
Foucault, Michel. 1984. Polemics, Politics, and Problematizations. In The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow, 381–390. New York: Pantheon Books.
Gasché, Rodolphe. 2004. How Empty Can Empty Be? On the Place of the Universal. In Laclau: A Critical Reader, ed. Simon Critchley, and Oliver Marchart, 17–34. London and New York: Routledge.
George, Jim. 1994. Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Gökarıksel, Banu, and Sara Smith. 2016. ‘Making America Great Again’?: The Fascist Body Politics of Donald Trump. Political Geography 54: 79–81.
Guillaume, Xavier. 2011. International Relations and Identity: A Dialogical Approach. London and New York: Routledge.
Hodgson, Godfrey. 2009. The Myth of American Exceptionalism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Houghton, David. 2002. Manifest Destiny and Realpolitik: Realism Versus Idealism in Foreign Policy. In Controversies in American Politics, ed. David McKay, David Houghton, and Andrew Wroe, 172–182. Oxford: Blackwell.
Howarth, David. 2000. Discourse. Buckingham: Open University Press.
IISS. 2015. Us Election: Clinton Versus Whom? Strategic Comments 21 (9–10): vii–viii.
Ikenberry, G. John. 2017. The Plot Against American Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs 96 (3): 2–9.
Ikenberry, G. John. 2018. The End of Liberal International Order? International Affairs 94 (1): 7–23.
Jackson, Richard. 2005. Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counterterrorism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jahn, Beate. 2018. Liberal Internationalism: Historical Trajectory and Current Prospects. International Affairs 94 (1): 43–61.
Kagan, Robert. 2002. Power and Weakness. Policy Review 113: 3–28.
Kazin, Michael. 2016. Trump and American Populism: Old Wine, New Bottles. Foreign Affairs.
Kennedy, John F. 1961. Address at the 39th Annual Convention of the National Association of Broadcasters, May 8, 1961. In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: 1961, ed. Office of the Federal Register, 367–370. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto. 1990. New Reflections of the Revolution of Our Time. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto. 1996. Emancipation(s). London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto. 2000. Identity and Hegemony: The Role of Universality in the Constitution of Political Logics. In Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left, ed. Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau, and Slavoj Žižek, 44–89. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto. 2006. Ideology and Post-Marxism. Journal of Political Ideologies 11 (2): 103–114.
Laclau, Ernesto. 2014. The Rhetorical Foundations of Society. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, 2nd ed. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto, and Lilian Zac. 1994. Minding the Gap: The Subject of Politics. In The Making of Political Identities, ed. Ernesto Laclau, 11–39. London and New York.
LaFeber, Walter. 1994. The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
LaFeber, Walter. 2002. The Bush Doctrine. Diplomatic History 16 (4): 543–558.
LaPierre, Wayne. 2013. A Treacherous Assault on Our Freedom. http://www.nrapublications.org/index.php/16320/standing-guard-42/. Accessed 26 January 2015.
Lincoln, Abraham. 1862. Annual Message to Congress—Concluding Remarks, Washington, DC, December 1. http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/congress.htm. Accessed March 2014.
Lincoln, Abraham. 1863. The Gettysburg Address, Bliss Copy, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19. http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm. Accessed 5 March 2014.
Lipset, Seymor Martin. 1997. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York and London: W. W. Norton.
Lundborg, Tom. 2012. Politics of the Event: Time, Movement, Becoming. London: Routledge.
McDougall, Walter A. 1997. Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1971. Against the Self-Images of the Age. New York: Shocken Books.
Madsen, Deborah. 1998. American Exceptionalism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
McVeigh, Rory. 2009. The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mead, Walter Russell. 2002. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. New York and London: Routledge.
Mead, Walter Russell. 2011. The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy: What Populism Means for Globalism. Foreign Affairs 90 (2): 28–44.
Mead, Walter Russell. 2017. The Jacksonian Revolt: American Populism and the Liberal Order. Foreign Affairs 96 (2): 2–7.
Nabers, Dirk. 2015. A Poststructuralist Discourse Theory of Global Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nabers, Dirk. 2016. Crisis as Dislocation in Global Politics. Politics 37 (4): 418–431.
Nagel, Joane. 1998. Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (2): 242–269.
Neiwert, David. 2017. Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump. New York: Verso.
Neumeier, Florian. 2018. Do Businessmen Make Good Governors? Economic Inquiry. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12576.
New York Times. 2016. Transcript: Donald Trump at the G.O.P. Convention. New York Times, July 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/us/politics/trump-transcript-rnc-address.html.
Nonhoff, Martin, and Jennifer Gronau. 2012. Die Freiheit des Subjekts im Diskurs. In Diskurs - Macht - Subjekt, ed. Reiner Keller, Werner Schneider, and Willy Viehöver, 109–130. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Nonhoff, Martin, and Frank A. Stengel. 2014. Poststrukturalistische Diskurstheorie und Außenpolitikanalyse. Wie lässt sich Deutschlands wankelmütige Außenpolitik zwischen Afghanistan und Irak verstehen? In Diskursforschung in den Internationalen Beziehungen, ed. Eva Herschinger and Judith Renner, 39–74. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Norval, Aletta J. 1996. Deconstructing Apartheid Discourse. London: Verso.
Oneal, John R. 1990. The Theory of Collective Action and Burden Sharing in NATO. International Organization 44 (3): 379–402.
O’Sullivan, John L. 1839. The Great Nation of Futurity. The United States Democratic Review 6 (23): 426–430.
Patrick, Stewart M. 2017. Trump and World Order. Foreign Affairs 96 (2): 52–57.
Poloni-Staudinger, Lori, and Candice Ortbals. 2014. Gendering Abbottabad: Agency and Hegemonic Masculinity in an Age of Global Terrorism. Gender Issues 31 (1): 34–57.
Prizel, Ilya. 1998. National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reagan, Ronald. 1982. Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm. Accessed 7 March 2014.
Reagan, Ronald. 1983. Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals, Orlando, FL, March 8. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/30883b.htm. Accessed 7 March 2014.
Schurz, Carl. 1893. Manifest Destiny. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 87 (521): 737–746.
Shapcott, Richard. 2001. Justice, Community and Dialogue in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sjöstedt, Roxanna. 2007. The Discursive Origins of a Doctrine: Norms, Identity, and Securitization Under Harry S. Truman and George W. Bush. Foreign Policy Analysis 3: 233–254.
Stokes, Doug. 2018. Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order. International Affairs 94 (1): 133–150.
The Vice President’s Office. 2003. Vice President Cheney Salutes Troops, April 9. http://www.whitehouse.gov. Accessed 28 April 2004.
The White House. 2001a. Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11. http://www.whitehouse.gov. Accessed 5 December 2003.
The White House. 2001b. Address of the President to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920–8.html. Accessed 17 November 2003.
Truman, Harry S. 1950. Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Situation in Korea. In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: 1950, ed. Office of the Federal Register, 609–614. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Trump, Donald. 2015. @Lkdusa: @Lkdusa Now You Need Not Wonder Why We Are Attracted to a Strong Leader Like @Realdonaldtrump. The Rest Don’t Cut It. All Wimps!! Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, August 19. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/634181740140077056.
Trump, Donald. 2016a. Donald Trump NYC Speech on Stakes of the Election. New York.
Trump, Donald. 2016b. Donald Trump’s Foreign Policy Speech. Washington, DC.
Trump, Donald. 2016c. Donald Trump’s Presidential Announcement Speech. New York.
Trump, Donald. 2016d. Donald Trump’s Speech on the Orlando Shooting. Washington, DC.
Trump, Donald. 2016e. GOP Presidential Candidate Donald Trump at the AIPAC Policy Conference. Washington, DC.
Trump, Donald. 2016f. Hillary Is Too Weak to Lead on Border Security-No Solutions, No Ideas, No Credibility.She Supported Nafta, Worst Deal in Us History. #Debate. Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, October 19. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/788914665136922624.
Trump, Donald. 2016g. Jeb Failed as Jeb! He Gave up and Enlisted Mommy and His Brother (Who Got Us into the Quicksand of Iraq). Spent $120 Million. Weak-No Chance! Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, February 11. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/697869206893756416.
Trump, Donald. 2016h. Our Very Weak and Ineffective Leader, Paul Ryan, Had a Bad Conference Call Where His Members Went Wild at His Disloyalty. Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, October 11. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/785828772423561216.
Trump, Donald. 2016i. Rubio Is Weak on Illegal Immigration, with the Worst Voting Record in the U.S. Senate in Many Years. He Will Never Make America Great Again! Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, March 14. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/709595310939643905.
Trump, Donald. 2016j. Donald Trump on NATO, Turkey’s Coup Attempt and the World, Cleveland, OH. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/us/politics/donald-trump-foreign-policy-interview.html.
U.S. Department of State. 1950. NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950, Volume I. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
Walt, Stephen M. 2011. The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Foreign Policy, October 11. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism/.
Watson, Harry L. 2018. Building the American Republic, Volume I: A Narrative History to 1877. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Weinberg, Albert Katz. 1935. Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Weldes, Jutta. 1999. The Cultural Production of Crises: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba. In Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, ed. Jutta Weldes et al., 35–62. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
Wickham, John A. 2002. September 11 and America’s War on Terrorism: A New Manifest Destiny? The American Indian Quarterly 26 (1): 116–130.
Wilson, Woodrow. 1918. The Fourteen Points. The History Place: Great Speeches Collection. Available at: http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/wilson-points.htm. Accessed 10 August 2013.
Young, Iris Marion. 2003. The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reflections on the Current Security State. Signs 29 (1): 1–25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nabers, D., Stengel, F.A. (2019). Sedimented Practices and American Identity in Donald J. Trump’s Election Campaign. In: Stengel, F.A., MacDonald, D.B., Nabers, D. (eds) Populism and World Politics. Global Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04621-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04621-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04620-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04621-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)