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Quality Protein Maize for Nutritional Security

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Quality Breeding in Field Crops

Abstract

Malnutrition has emerged as one of the most serious health problem worldwide. Deficiency of essential micronutrients in the diet leads to abnormal growth and development of humans. The deficiency of nutrients contributes to global burden of disease, and significant loss in annual gross domestic product, thereby posing severe socio-economic loss. Considering the widespread ramification of malnutrition, UN-Sustainable Development Goals have taken a series of steps where nutrition plays pivotal role for progress in health, education, employment, female empowerment and poverty. It is estimated that alleviating malnutrition is one of the most cost-effective steps that offers benefit worth $16 with every $1 invested in proven nutrition programme. Though various avenues like food-fortification, medical-supplementation and dietary-diversification are in place to alleviate malnutrition, ‘biofortification’, a process of enriching crop plants with essential nutrients through breeding is regarded as the most sustainable and cost-effective approach. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects pregnant women, the elderly and children under the age of 5 years the most, and among various micronutrient deficiencies it accounts for highest number of deaths, globally. Maize serves as an important source of energy, proteins and several essential nutrients worldwide. However, the endosperm maize protein is deficient in two essential amino acids viz. lysine and tryptophan which lower the quality of the protein. Quality protein maize (QPM) by virtue of mutant opaque2 (o2) gene possesses nearly double the amount of lysine and tryptophan, and consumption of high-quality protein in QPM helps combating PEM. Several QPM hybrids/OPVs have been developed worldwide through conventional breeding, however with the advent of genomics the pace of development of QPM has been accelerated. Novel opaque16 (o16) gene that enhances half of lysine and tryptophan in o2 background has emerged as a boon to the breeders as it does not affect the kernel opaqueness. The combination of o2- and o16-based QPM hybrids is now available with higher nutritional value. Key genes for enhancement of provitamin-A and vitamin-E have now been combined with QPM. These multinutrient rich QPM hybrids hold great potential to address deficiency of protein quality, provitamin-A and -E simultaneously through a holistic approach. Here, we present the worldwide status of development, acceptance and challenges in the adoption of QPM.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Firoz Hossain, Vignesh Muthusamy, Rajkumar Uttamrao Zunjare & Hari Shanker Gupta

  2. ICAR Research Complex for Northeast Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India

    Konsam Sarika

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  1. Firoz Hossain
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  2. Konsam Sarika
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  3. Vignesh Muthusamy
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  4. Rajkumar Uttamrao Zunjare
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  5. Hari Shanker Gupta
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  1. Genetics, Plant Breeding & Biotechnology MRCFC, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Asif M. Iqbal Qureshi

  2. Genetics, Plant Breeding & Biotechnology DARS, Budgam, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Zahoor Ahmad Dar

  3. Genetics, Plant Breeding & Biotechnology MRCFC, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Shabir Hussain Wani

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Hossain, F., Sarika, K., Muthusamy, V., Zunjare, R.U., Gupta, H.S. (2019). Quality Protein Maize for Nutritional Security. In: Qureshi, A., Dar, Z., Wani, S. (eds) Quality Breeding in Field Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04609-5_11

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