Skip to main content

Trauma-Informed Care of Veterans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Trauma-Informed Healthcare Approaches

Abstract

As participation in military service has waned since World War II, the experience of United States (US) military Veterans is less understood by the general public. Many Veterans access care in community settings, and some do not self-identify as Veterans. In order to implement trauma-informed services for this worthy population, it is important to understand military culture and the unique needs of Veterans. This chapter reviews unique era of service characteristics for current US Veterans and describes the traumatic and historical experiences of each group. A review of military sexual trauma (MST) and unique aspects of trauma-informed care for homeless and justice-involved Veterans follows. Available services in the Veterans Health Administration are discussed. Clinicians are encouraged to routinely screen for military service among their patient populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Eiekenberry KW, Kennedy DM. Americans and their military, drifting apart. The New York Times. 2013 May 23;Sect. Opinion. Accessed 13 May 2018. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/opinion/americans-and-their-military-drifting-apart.html.

  2. US Department of Veterans Affairs WVHC. Resources for non-VA providers, medical students. Washington, DC. 2017. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: https://www.womenshealth.va.gov/programoverview/providers.asp.

  3. US Department of Veterans Affairs. History – Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Washington, DC. 2018. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/about_va/vahistory.asp.

  4. Module 9: The Experience of Veterans from Different War Eras. In: Emanuel LL, Hauser JM, Bailey FA, Ferris FD, von Gunten CF, Von Ronn J, editors. EPEC For Veterans: Education in Palliative and End-of- life Care for Veterans Chicago, IL; Washington, DC. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Veterans Health Administration. Restoring trust in veterans healthcare fiscal year 2016 annual report 2017. Accessed 10 June 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/HEALTH/docs/VHA_AR16.pdf.

  6. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Workforce information. Accessed 19 May 2018.Available from: https://www.opm.gov/FAQs/QA.aspx?fid=56538f91-625a-4333-84ba-28b3574b7942&pid=013be2c9-8ae5-455d-889c-6e74063441ba.

  7. Veterans Health Administration. About VHA: US Department of Veterans Affairs. 2018. Accessed 29 July 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/health/aboutvha.asp.

  8. Phillips BR, Shahoumian TA, Backus LI. Surveyed enrollees in veterans affairs health care: how they differ from eligible veterans surveyed by BRFSS. Mil Med. 2015;180(11):1161–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Washington DL, Farmer MM, Mor SS, Canning M, Yano EM. Assessment of the healthcare needs and barriers to VA use experienced by women veterans: findings from the National Survey of women veterans. Med Care. 2015;53:S23–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Machlin SR, Muhuri P. Characteristics and Health Care Expenditures of VA Health System Users versus Other Veterans, 2014–2015 (Combined). Statistical Brief (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (US)). Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Huang G, Muz B, Kim SGJ. 2017 survey of veteran enrollees’ health and use of health care. Data findings report. Rockville; 2018. Accessed 10 June 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/HEALTHPOLICYPLANNING/SoE2017/VA_Enrollees_Report_Data_Findings_Report2.pdf.

  12. Nelson KM, Starkebaum GA, Reiber GE. Veterans using and uninsured veterans not using Veterans Affairs (VA) health care. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(1):93–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Elnitsky CA, Andresen EM, Clark ME, McGarity S, Hall CG, Kerns RD. Access to the US Department of Veterans Affairs health system: self-reported barriers to care among returnees of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:498.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hamilton AB, Frayne SM, Cordasco KM, Washington DL. Factors related to attrition from VA healthcare use: findings from the National Survey of women veterans. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(Suppl 2):S510–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Petersen LA, Byrne MM, Daw CN, Hasche J, Reis B, Pietz K. Relationship between clinical conditions and use of Veterans Affairs health care among medicare-enrolled veterans. Health Serv Res. 2010;45(3):762–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Gaglioti A, Cozad A, Wittrock S, Stewart K, Lampman M, Ono S, et al. Non-VA primary care providers’ perspectives on comanagement for rural veterans. Mil Med. 2014;179(11):1236–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gellad WF. The Veterans Choice Act and dual health system use. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(2):153–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Gellad WF, Thorpe JM, Zhao X, Thorpe CT, Sileanu FE, Cashy JP, et al. Impact of dual use of Department of Veterans Affairs and Medicare Part D drug benefits on potentially unsafe opioid use. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(2):248–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kelly U, Boyd MA, Valente SM, Czekanski E. Trauma-informed care: keeping mental health settings safe for veterans. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2014;35(6):413–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Currier JM, Stefurak T, Carroll TD, Shatto EH. Applying trauma-informed care to community-based mental health services for military veterans. Best Pract Ment Health. 2017;13(1):47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  21. National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Veteran population. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2016. Accessed 22 May 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp.

  22. Manring MM, Hawk A, Calhoun JH, Andersen RC. Treatment of war wounds: a historical review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(8):2168–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Brokaw T. The greatest generation. New York: Random House; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  24. National Park Service. The WWII home front. Washington, DC. Accessed 13 May 2018. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-wwiihome-front.htm.

  25. Stewart RW. The United States Army in a global era, 1917–2008. 2nd ed. Center of Military History United States Army: Washington, DC; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wright J. What we learned from the Korean war. The Atlantic. 2013. Accessed 16 Dec 2018. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/07/what-we-learned-from-the-korean-war/278016/.

  27. Herman J. Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Keane TM, Zimering RT, Caddell JM. A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Ther. 1985;8(1):9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Vietnam Veterans [Internet]. 2015 Apr 30. Accessed 19 May 2018. Available from: https://www.benefits.va.gov/persona/veteran-vietnam.asp.

  30. Laufer RS, Gallops MS, Frey-Wouters E. War stress and trauma: the Vietnam veteran experience. J Health Soc Behav. 1984;25(1):65–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Maguen S, Metzler TJ, Litz BT, Seal KH, Knight SJ, Marmar CR. The impact of killing in war on mental health symptoms and related functioning. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(5):435–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Maguen S, Burkman K, Madden E, Dinh J, Bosch J, Keyser J, et al. Impact of killing in war: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. J Clin Psychol. 2017;73(9):997–1012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Litz BT, Stein N, Delaney E, Lebowitz L, Nash WP, Silva C, et al. Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(8):695–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Petrakis IL, Rosenheck R, Desai R. Substance use comorbidity among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric illness. Am J Addict. 2011;20(3):185–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Manhapra A, Stefanovics E, Rosenheck R. Treatment outcomes for veterans with PTSD and substance use: impact of specific substances and achievement of abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:70–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Ouimette PC, Brown PJ, Najavits LM. Course and treatment of patients with both substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Addict Behav. 1998;23(6):785–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Minshall D. Gulf war syndrome: a review of current knowledge and understanding. J R Nav Med Serv. 2014;100(3):252–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Institute of Medicine. Committee on Gulf War and Health. Gulf war health: update on health effects of serving in the Gulf war. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Stevenson RW. President makes it clear: phrase is ‘war on terror’. The New York Times. 2005 Aug 4;Sect. Politics. Accessed 11 June 2018. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/politics/president-makes-it-clear-phrase-is-war-on-terror.html.

  40. Copp T. Your military: Pentagon strips Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria troop numbers from web. Military Times. 2018 Apr 9. Accessed 27 July 2018. Available from: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/04/09/dod-strips-iraq-afghanistan-syria-troop-numbers-from-web/.

  41. Institute of Medicine. Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: demographics and impact. Washington, DC: Returning Home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Preliminary Assessment of Readjustment Needs of Veterans, Service Members, and Their Families; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Department of Defense (DoD) worldwide numbers for TBI 2018. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: http://dvbic.dcoe.mil/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi.

  43. National Center for PTSD. Traumatic brain injury and PTSD: focus on veterans. 2017 Nov 6. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/co-occurring/traumatic-brain-injury-ptsd.asp.

  44. Fulton JJ, Calhoun PS, Wagner HR, Schry AR, Hair LP, Feeling N, et al. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;31:98–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Parker K, Cilluffo A, Stepler R. 6 facts about the U.S. military and its changing demographics. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2017. Accessed 19 May 2018. Available from: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/13/6-facts-about-the-u-s-military-and-its-changing-demographics/.

  46. Women Veterans Report: The Past, Present, and Future of Women Veterans. Washington, DC: National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, Department of Veterans Affairs; 2017 Feb. Accessed 19 May 2018. Available from: https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Women_Veterans_2015_Final.pdf.

  47. Sourcebook: Women Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration. Volume 4: Longitudinal Trends in Sociodemographics, Utilization, Health Profile, and Geographic Distribution. [Internet]. Women’s Health Services, Veterans Health Administration. 2018. Accessed 17 Mar 2019. Available from: https://www.womenshealth.va.gov/WOMENSHEALTH/docs/WHS_Sourcebook_Vol-IV_508c.pdf.

  48. Street AE, Vogt D, Dutra L. A new generation of women veterans: stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(8):685–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Vogt D, Vaughn R, Glickman ME, Schultz M, Drainoni ML, Elwy R, et al. Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(4):797–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bumiller E, Shanker T. Pentagon is set to lift combat ban for women. The New York Times. 2013 Jan 23. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-combat.html.

  51. Zinzow HM, Grubaugh AL, Monnier J, Suffoletta-Maierle S, Frueh BC. Trauma among female veterans: a critical review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2007;8(4):384–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gerber MR, Iverson KM, Dichter ME, Klap R, Latta RE. Women veterans and intimate partner violence: current state of knowledge and future directions. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014;23(4):302–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Blosnich JR, Dichter ME, Cerulli C, Batten SV, Bossarte RM. Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among individuals with a history of military service. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(9):1041–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Katon JG, Lehavot K, Simpson TL, Williams EC, Barnett SB, Grossbard JR, et al. Adverse childhood experiences, military service, and adult health. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(4):573–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Van Voorhees EE, Dedert EA, Calhoun PS, Branco M, Runnels J, Beckham JC. Childhood trauma exposure in Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans: implications for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and adult functional social support. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36:423–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Montgomery AE, Cutuli JJ, Evans-Chase M, Treglia D, Culhane DP. Relationship among adverse childhood experiences, history of active military service, and adult outcomes: homelessness, mental health, and physical health. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(Suppl 2):S262–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Iverson KM, Gregor K, Gerber MR. Recovering from intimate partner violence through strengths and empowerment (RISE). Unpublished 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Creech SK, Benzer JK, Ebalu T, Murphy CM, Taft CT. National implementation of a trauma-informed intervention for intimate partner violence in the Department of Veterans Affairs: first year outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):582.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. National Center for PTSD. PTSD treatment, White River Junction, VT. 2017 Aug 18. Accessed 16 May 2018. Available from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/treatment/therapy-med/treatment-ptsd.asp.

  60. Miner A, Kuhn E, Hoffman JE, Owen JE, Ruzek JI, Taylor CB. Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the PTSD coach app: a pilot randomized controlled trial with community trauma survivors. Psychol Trauma. 2016;8(3):384–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. National Center for PTSD. Mobile app: PTSD coach: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2018 Jan 31. Accessed 1 June 2018. Available from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/materials/apps/ptsdcoach.asp.

  62. Barth SK, Kimerling RE, Pavao J, McCutcheon SJ, Batten SV, Dursa E, et al. Military sexual trauma among recent veterans: correlates of sexual assault and sexual harassment. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(1):77–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gibson CJ, Gray KE, Katon JG, Simpson TL, Lehavot K. Sexual assault, sexual harassment, and physical victimization during military service across age cohorts of women veterans. Womens Health Issues. 2016;26(2):225–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Department of Veterans Affairs. Military Sexual Trauma. Washington, DC. 2018 Apr 18. Accessed 20 May 2018. Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/msthome.asp.

  65. Morris EE, Smith JC, Farooqui SY, Suris AM. Unseen battles: the recognition, assessment, and treatment issues of men with military sexual trauma (MST). Trauma Violence Abuse. 2014;15(2):94–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Military sexual trauma. 2015. Accessed 22 May 2018. Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/mst_general_factsheet.pdf.

  67. Suris A, Lind L. Military sexual trauma: a review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2008;9(4):250–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Frayne SM, Skinner KM, Sullivan LM, Tripp TJ, Hankin CS, Kressin NR, et al. Medical profile of women veterans administration outpatients who report a history of sexual assault occurring while in the military. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 1999;8(6):835–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Turchik JA, McLean C, Rafie S, Hoyt T, Rosen CS, Kimerling R. Perceived barriers to care and provider gender preferences among veteran men who have experienced military sexual trauma: a qualitative analysis. Psychol Serv. 2013;10(2):213–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kimerling R, Gima K, Smith MW, Street A, Frayne S. The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(12):2160–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Kelly UA, Skelton K, Patel M, Bradley B. More than military sexual trauma: interpersonal violence, PTSD, and mental health in women veterans. Res Nurs Health. 2011;34(6):457–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Surís A, Lind L, Kashner TM, Borman PD, Petty F. Sexual assault in women veterans: an examination of PTSD risk, health care utilization, and cost of care. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(5):749–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kang H, Dalager N, Mahan C, Ishii E. The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among gulf war veterans. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(3):191–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wilson LC. The prevalence of military sexual trauma: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018;19(5):584–97. 1524838016683459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. Risk factors for homelessness among US veterans. Epidemiol Rev. 2015;37:177–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Ming Foynes M, Makin-Byrd K, Skidmore WC, King MW, Bell ME, Karpenko J. Developing systems that promote Veterans’ recovery from military sexual trauma. Recommendations from the Veterans Health Administration national program implementation. Mil Psychol. 2018;30(3):270–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Dinnen S, Kane V, Cook JM. Trauma-informed care: a paradigm shift needed for services with homeless veterans. Prof Case Manag. 2014;19(4):161–70. quiz 71-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. United States Interagency Council on Ending Homelessness. Ending veteran homelessness. Updated 30 November 2018. Accessed 2 March 2019. Available from: https://www.usich.gov/goals/veterans.

  79. Perron BE, Alexander-Eitzman B, Gillespie DF, Pollio D. Modeling the mental health effects of victimization among homeless persons. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(9):1475–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. O’Connell MJ, Kasprow W, Rosenheck RA. Rates and risk factors for homelessness after successful housing in a sample of formerly homeless veterans. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(3):268–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. National Coalition for Homeless Veterans (NCHV). Homeless Female Veterans. Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.nchv.org/images/uploads/HFVpaper.pdf.

  82. US Government Accountability Office (GAO). Homeless Women Veterans: Actions needed to ensure safe and appropriate housing Washington, DC. 2012, January 23. Available from: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-182.

  83. Washington DL, Yano EM, McGuire J, Hines V, Lee M, Gelberg L. Risk factors for homelessness among women veterans. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(1):82–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tsai J, Pietrzak RH, Rosenheck RA. Homeless veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: gender differences, combat exposure, and comparisons with previous cohorts of homeless veterans. Admin Pol Ment Health. 2013;40(5):400–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Kim PY, Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Stigma, barriers to care, and use of mental health services among active duty and National Guard soldiers after combat. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(6):582–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Coleman SJ, Stevelink SAM, Hatch SL, Denny JA, Greenberg N. Stigma-related barriers and facilitators to help seeking for mental health issues in the armed forces: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Psychol Med. 2017;47(11):1880–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Post EP, Metzger M, Dumas P, Lehmann L. Integrating mental health into primary care within the Veterans Health Administration. Fam Syst Health. 2010;28(2):83–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Vet Center Program. Washington, DC. 2018 May 28. Accessed 11 June 2018. Available from: https://www.vetcenter.va.gov/.

  89. Vet Centers. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2016;81(41):10764–5.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. 2014. Accessed 2 June 2018. Available from: https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA14-4884/SMA14-4884.pdf.

  91. Gilmore AK, Davis MT, Grubaugh A, Resnick H, Birks A, Denier C, et al. “Do you expect me to receive PTSD care in a setting where most of the other patients remind me of the perpetrator?”: Home-based telemedicine to address barriers to care unique to military sexual trauma and Veterans Affairs hospitals. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016;48:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Kehle-Forbes SM, Harwood EM, Spoont MR, Sayer NA, Gerould H, Murdoch M. Experiences with VHA care: a qualitative study of U.S. women veterans with self-reported trauma histories. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Veterans Health Administration Mental Health Services. Understanding your client’s military background. Military Screening Questions. 2018. Accessed 10 June 2018. Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/communityproviders/docs/Military_Service_Screening.pdf.

  94. Veterans Health Administration. Why Screen for Military Service? Understanding your client’s military background. Military Screening Questions. 2018. Accessed 2 March 2019. Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/communityproviders/screening.asp.

Download references

Disclaimer

The views expressed in this chapter are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Megan R. Gerber .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gerber, M.R. (2019). Trauma-Informed Care of Veterans. In: Gerber, M. (eds) Trauma-Informed Healthcare Approaches. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04342-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04342-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04341-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04342-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics