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Other Existing Carbon Forms

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Carbon Allotropes: Metal-Complex Chemistry, Properties and Applications

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Abstract

In this section, we show several other carbon allotropes, from those rare as, for example, lonsdaleite to common glassy carbon and “carbon black,” xerogels, or hydrogels. In case of carbide- and MOF-derived carbons (relatively new research areas, especially the last one), the production methods vary and structures of formed carbons can be distinct (carbon nanotubes, fullerene- or onion-like nanostructures, nanocrystalline graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon, nanodiamonds, etc.); this is not a special structural type of carbon.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    IUPAC: “Glass-like carbon cannot be described as amorphous carbon because it consists of two-dimensional structural elements and does not exhibit ‘dangling’ bonds” (IUPAC Goldbook, http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/G/G02639.html).

  2. 2.

    The main reason for the impressive chemical resistance is a consequence of the disordered structure and the inability to form intercalation compounds. This gives rise to high resistance to corrosion by acid and alkaline agents and melts.

  3. 3.

    Indeed, polymer-derived pyrolytic carbons are highly desirable building blocks for high-strength low-density ceramic meta-materials (J. Mater. Sci. 2017, 52, 13799–13811).

  4. 4.

    See also the section below about carbon allotropes in the environment.

  5. 5.

    This method is mentioned in a variety of reports on carbon aerogels. Other precursors of carbon aerogels are phenolic–furfural and melamine–formaldehyde aerogels, among others (Aerogels Handbook. Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies. Springer, 2011, New York, NY.).

  6. 6.

    The image above is reproduced with permission of Wiley (Advanced Science, 2017, 4(7), 1700059).

  7. 7.

    For example, the hydrogen storage at ambient pressure for TiC-CDCs varied from 1.4 wt.% to 2.8 wt.%. The highest methane uptake was 46 cm3/g (3.1 wt.%) at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure (carbon, 44(12), 2489–2497 (2006)).

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    Boris Ildusovich Kharisov & Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova

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Kharisov, B.I., Kharissova, O.V. (2019). Other Existing Carbon Forms. In: Carbon Allotropes: Metal-Complex Chemistry, Properties and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03505-1_5

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