Abstract
When the area of nanotechnology began to develop intensively as an independent field in the frontiers of physics, chemistry, materials chemistry and physics, medicine, biology, and other disciplines two decades ago, terms such as “nanoparticle,” “nanopowder,” “nanotube,” and “nanoplate,” and other terms related to shape rapidly became very common. At the same time, during the last years, efforts of researchers have led to reports of a large number of the nanostructure types mentioned earlier and the discovery of rarer species, such as “nanodumbbells,” “nanoflowers,” “nanorices,” “nanolines,” “nanotowers,” “nanoshuttles,” “nanobowlings,” “nanowheels,” “nanofans,” “nanopencils,” “nanotrees,” “nanoarrows,” “nanonails,” “nanobottles,” and “nanovolcanoes,” among many others.
Reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2017, 468, 67–76).
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Notes
- 1.
Reproduced with permission of Nature (Nature Chemistry, 2012, 4, 195–200).
- 2.
Reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 24230–24253).
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Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114, 12062–12068).
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Reproduced with permission of Nature (upper image: Nature Mater., 2016, 15, 634–640).
- 5.
Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (image below: ACS Nano, 2013, 7(11), 10075–10082).
- 6.
The name carbyne has been adopted to indicate an infinite sp-carbon wire as a model system; meanwhile carbynoid structures have been used to indicate finite systems or moieties comprising sp-carbon in amorphous systems.
- 7.
Reproduced with permission of Wiley (Phys. Status Solidi, 2010, 247(8), 2017–2021).
- 8.
The nanopencil image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the John Wiley and Sons (Adv. Funct. Mater., 2006, 16, 410–416).
- 9.
Other combinations between carbon allotropes are known, for instance, carbon nanodots immobilized on single-walled carbon nanotubes (Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 6878–6885).
- 10.
The nanopeapod image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Carbon, 2015, 95, 302–308.).
- 11.
See sections above on carbynes and carbon-atom wires, which are also carbon chains of lesser size.
- 12.
The nanobar image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (Nano Lett., 2007, 7(4), 1032–1036).
- 13.
The nanobrick image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (Abstracts of Papers, 237th ACS National Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, March 22–26, 2009, POLY-333.). Nanobricks are closely related to nanoblocks (Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(8), 1275–1282).
- 14.
The images of nanobelts are reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Carbon, 2008, 46, 741–746).
- 15.
The nanobottle image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 2520–2521).
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Sometimes referred as nanohorns.
- 17.
The nanocone images above in the subtitle are reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Vacuum, 2016, 134, 40–47.) (right) and from the Web site https://www.forskningsradet.no (left).
- 18.
The nanospike image above in the subtitle is reproduced with permission of the Wiley (ChemistrySelect, 2016, 1, 6055–6061).
- 19.
The nanoring image is reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (left: Computational Materials Science, 2008, 43, 943–950; right: Chemical Physics Letters, 2007, 433, 327–330).
- 20.
The nanotorus image is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (left: J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 19123–19133) and APS Physics (right: Phys. Rev. B, 2015, 91, 165433.).
- 21.
Image above is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (ACS Nano, 2010, 4(8), 4396–4402).
- 22.
More detailed information on the carbide-derived carbons see in the chapter below.
- 23.
The VFD is a microfluidic device that has been used for disassembling self-organized systems, exfoliation of graphite and hexagonal boron nitride, wrapping multilayer graphene sheets around algal cells, and controlling the particle size and distribution of decorated metal nanoparticles on various carbon nanomaterials.
- 24.
The nanocage image is reproduced with permission of Nature (Sci. Rep., 2014, 4, 4437).
- 25.
Nanocubes will be discussed in the section below, dedicated to polyhedral-like carbon nanostructures.
- 26.
The nanocapsule images above are reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science (left, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 122, 164–168) and Hindawi (right, Journal of Nanotechnology, Volume 2012, Article ID 613746, 6 pp.).
- 27.
The nanotree image above is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (Nano Lett., 2009, 9(1), 239–244).
- 28.
The nanobush image above was reproduced with permission of the American Institute of Physics (Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89, 223102).
- 29.
The nanomushroom image above was reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Chem. Commun., 2009, (24), 3615–3617.).
- 30.
The nanoflower image above was reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 10779–10785).
- 31.
The nanobouquet image above was reproduced with permission of the http://radio-weblogs.com/0105910/2004/06/22.html
- 32.
The nanograss image above was reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Phys. Chem.C, 2010, 114(7), 2936–2940.).
- 33.
The nanoworm image above was reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Phys. Chem. C, 2008, 112(1), 106–111).
- 34.
Image reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (J. Mater. Chem., 2006, 16(29), 2984–2989).
- 35.
The nanobowl image is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (Langmuir, 2009, 25(3), 1822–1827).
- 36.
The nanoplate image is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(43), 29628–29636).
- 37.
We note that KOH activation was also used for other nanocarbons (see previous sections).
- 38.
The nanobrush image above is reproduced with permission of Springer (J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2015, 26(1), 5356).
- 39.
The nanocarpet image above is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (Nano Lett., 2005, 5(12), 2394–2398).
- 40.
The nanoweb image above is reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Energy, 2013, 55, 925–932).
- 41.
The nanosponge images above are reproduced with permission of Nature (Sci. Rep., 2012, 2, Article number: 363).
- 42.
Applications of nanomaterials for oil remediation were recently reviewed. (a) Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2014, 122, 705–718; (b) Nanomaterial-based methods for cleaning contaminated water in oil spill sites. In: Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability. B. Raj, M. Van de Voorde, Y. Mahajan (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, 2016, 1139–1160.).
- 43.
The nanofoam image above is reproduced with permission of the Springer (Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2013, 8, 233).
- 44.
The nanocoil images above are reproduced with permission of AIP Publishing Co. (up, AIP Adv., 2015, 5, 117114.) and Elsevier Science (down, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2012, 55, 344–349).
- 45.
The nanotweezer image is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 9183–9192).
- 46.
The nanomesh images above are reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 9709–9716).
- 47.
The nanojunction image above is reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society (J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2013, 4(5), 809–814).
- 48.
The nanopaper image above is reproduced with permission of the Elsevier Science (Composites: Part B, 2012, 43, 3293–3305).
- 49.
The nanobattery image above is reproduced with permission of Wiley (Adv. Sci., 2016, 3, 1600113).
- 50.
The E-nose image above is reproduced with permission from Springer (Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2014, 406(16), 3985–3994).
- 51.
The nanocube image above is reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science (Nano Energy, 2015, 16, 268–280).
- 52.
“For the CB electrode, the nanopores are formed between CB nanoparticles. During the discharge process, the nanopores are easily to be blocked by the discharge products in the initial discharge process. The MCC electrode consists of carbon nanocubes. Each carbon nanocube contains numerous mesopores, which can facilitate the electrolyte impregnation and oxygen diffusion. Furthermore, large amount of macropores is also formed between carbon nanocubes.” (adapted from Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 4436–4444).
- 53.
The nanoprism image above is reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science (Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255, 5939–5942).
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Kharisov, B.I., Kharissova, O.V. (2019). Less-Common Carbon Nanostructures. In: Carbon Allotropes: Metal-Complex Chemistry, Properties and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03505-1_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03505-1_4
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