Abstract
The foundations of social-emotional development are based in the primary caregiving relationship. In the first months of life, development in this area is primarily influenced by the infant’s relationship(s) with his primary caregiver(s), and in turn these relationships are influenced by the infant’s development and behavior. This chapter briefly reviews typical infant development month by month and the bi-directional impact of the relationship and infant behavior on social-emotional development. The ways in which multiple individuals and systems can influence parenting decisions typically formulated during this age period, such as breastfeeding, sleep arrangements, and childcare placement, are highlighted. The chapter ends with a brief review of the assessment process and social-emotional assessment tools that can be used with very young infants and their caregivers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. In Professional manual (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Aksan, N., Kochanska, G., & Ortmann, M. R. (2006). Mutually responsive orientation between parents and their young children: Toward methodological advances in the science of relationships. Developmental Psychology, 42, 833–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.833.
Ainsworth, M. (1973). The development of infant-mother attachment. In B. M. Caldwell & H. R. Ricciuti (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 3, pp. 1–94). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Allen, J. A., Li, R., Scanlon, K. S., Perrine, C. G., Chen, J., Odom, E., & Black, C. (2013). Progress in increasing breastfeeding and reducing racial/ethnic differences – United States, 2000-2008 births. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(5), 77–80 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6205a1.htm.
Anders, T. F., Halpern, L. F., & Hua, J. (1992). Sleeping through the night: A developmental perspective. Pediatrics, 90(4), 554–560.
Aslin, R. N. (1987). Visual and auditory development in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Wiley.
Aylward, G. P. (1995). The Bayley infant neurodevelopmental screener manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Baby, C. (2002). Infant crying: Nature, physiologic consequences, and select interventions. Neonatal Network, 21(2), 29.
Ball, H. L. (2002). Reasons to bed-share: Why parents sleep with their infants. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 20, 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264683021000033147.
Barnard, K. E. (1979). Instrumentation and findings: Infant characteristics. In Child health assessment part 2: The First year of life. U.S: Government Printing Office, DHEW Pub No. (HRA) 79-25, Stock No. 017-041-00131-9.
Barr, R. G. (1990). The “colic” enigma: Prolonged episodes of a normal predisposition to cry. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11, 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199024)11:4<340::AID-IMHJ2280110405>3.0.CO;2-9.
Barr, R., Trent, R. B., & Cross, J. (2006). Age-related incidence curve of hospitalized shaken baby syndrome cases: Convergent evidence for crying as a trigger to shaking. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.06.009.
Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley scales of infant and toddler development (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Inc.
Bernstein, V. J., Hans, S. L., & Percansky, C. (1991). Advocating for the young child in need through strengthening the parent-child relationship. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2001_5.
Boyd, R. C., Le, H. N., & Somberg, R. (2005). Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 8(3), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-005-0096-6.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss v. 3 (Vol. 1). London: Random House.
Brazelton, T. B., & Sparrow, J. D. (2006). Touchpoints: Birth to three (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Di Capo Press.
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76). New York, NY: Wiley.
Breastfeeding Report Card. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] Atlanta, Georgia: CDC, p.http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov 2018.
Cassidy, J. (2008). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment, Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Guildford.
Cadwell, K., & Turner-Maffei, C. (2014). Pocket guide for lactation management (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
Center for Disease Control. (2014). https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf.
Clark, R. (2016). The parent-child early relational assessment: A factorial validity study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(5), 821–846.
Countermine, M. S., & Teti, D. M. (2010). Sleep arrangements and maternal adaptation in infancy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31(6), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20276.
Colombo, J. (2001). Visual attention in infancy. In S. T. Fiske, D. L. Schacter, & C. Zahn-Waxler (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 337–367). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
De Wolff, M. S., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development., 68, 571–591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132107.
Dias, C. C., & Figueiredo, B. (2015). Breastfeeding and depression: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 142–154.
Teti, D. M., Crosby, B., McDaniel, B. T., Shimizu, M., & Whitesell, C. J. (2015). X. marital and emotional adjustment in mothers and infant sleep arrangements during the first six months. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 80(1), 160–176.
El-Sheikh, M., & Sadeh, A. (2015) Sleep and development: Introduction to the monograph. In El-Sheikh, M., & Sadeh, A. Sleep and development: Advancing theory and research. Monographs of the society of research in child development, 80(1), 1–14 Boston: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12141
Etaugh, C. (1980). Effects of nonmaternal care on children: Research evidence and popular views. American Psychologist, 35(4), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.4.309.
Evenson, A., & Moran, T. E. (2013). Investigating the family bed. Zero to Three, 33(4), 44–53.
Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3), 329–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x.
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear, regulation, and stress reactivity. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 919–927. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b21651.
Ferber, S. G., Feldman, R., & Makhoul, I. R. (2008). The development of maternal touch across the first year of life. Early Human Development, 84(6), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.019.
Field, T. (2010). Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: A review. Infant Behavior & Development, 33(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005.
Fomon, S. J. (2001). Infant feeding in the 20th century: Formula and beikost. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 409S–420S.
Foreman, D. R., O’Hara, M. W., Stuart, S., Gorman, L. L., Larsen, K. E., & Coy, K. C. (2007). Effective treatment for postpartum depression is not sufficient to improve the developing mother-child relationship. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407070289.
Frankenburg, W. K., Dodds, J., Archer, P., Shapiro, H., & Bresnick, B. (1992). The DENVER II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Pediatrics, 89, 91–97.
Germo, G. R., Chang, E. S., Keller, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A. (2007). Child sleep arrangements and family life: Perspectives from mothers and fathers. Infant and Child Development, 16, 433–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.521.
Gilkerson, L., & Gray, L. (2014). Fussy babies: Early challenges in regulation, impact on the dyad and family, and longer-term implications. In K. Brandt, B. D. Perry, S. Seligman, & E. Tronick (Eds.), Infant and early childhood mental health: Core concepts and clinical practice (pp. 195–208). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139–145.
Goldstein, M. H., Schwade, J. A., & Bornstein, M. H. (2009). The value of vocalizing: Five-month-old infants associate their own noncry vocalizations with responses from caregivers. Child Development, 80(3), 636–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01287.x.
Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Burnham, M. M., Gaylor, E. E., & Anders, T. F. (2001). Night waking, sleep-wake organization, and self-soothing in the first year of life. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22(4), 226–233.
Goodman, J. H. (2004). Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(1), 26–35.
Goodman, S., & Brand, S. (2009). Depression and early adverse experiences. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed., pp. 249–274). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Goodman, S. H. & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106(3), 458–490.
Greenspan, S. I. (2004). Greenspan social-emotional growth chart: A screening questionnaire for infants and young children. San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp.
Helburn, S. W. (Ed.). (1995). Cost, quality, and outcomes in childcare centers, technical report. Denver, CO: University of Colorado at Denver.
Herrera, E., Reissland, N., & Sheppard, J. (2004). Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: Effects of depressed mood in the postpartum period. Journal of Affective Disorders, 81(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.001.
Hestenes, L. L., Kintner-Duffy, V., Wang, Y. C., La Paro, K., Mims, S. U., Crosby, D., Scott-Little, C., & Cassidy, D. J. (2014). Comparisons among quality measures in child care settings: Understanding the use of multiple measures in North Carolina’s QRIS and their links to social-emotional development in preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 30(B), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.06.003.
Ireton, H., & Thwing, E. (2016). Appraising the development of a preschool child by means of a standardized report prepared by the mother. Clinical Pediatrics, 15(10), 875–882.
It’s Only Natural. (2013, April 15). Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/
Johns, H. M., Forster, D. A., Amir, L. H., & McLachlan, H. L. (2013). Prevalence and outcomes of breastmilk expressing in women with healthy term infants: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-212.
Kaplan, P. S., Bachorowski, J. A., & Zarlengo-Strouse, P. (1999). Child-directed speech produced by mothers with symptoms of depression fails to promote associative learning in 4-month-old infants. Child Development, 70(3), 560–570.
Kellman, P. J., & Banks, M. S. (1998). Infant visual perception. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognition, perception, and language (Vol. 2, 5th ed., pp. 103–146). New York, NY: Wiley.
Kopp, C. B. (2003). Baby steps. In A guide to your Child’s social, physical, and emotional development in the first two years (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Holt.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613.
Lewis, M. L. (1999). Hair combing interactions: A new paradigm for research with African-American mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(4), 504–514.
Loutzenhiser, L., Ahlquist, A., & Hoffman, J. (2011). Infant and maternal factors associated with maternal perceptions of infant sleep problems. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(5), 460–471.
Love, J. M., Harrison, L., Sagi-Schwartz, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Ross, C., Ungerer, J. A., & Chazan-Cohen, R. (2003). Child care quality matters: How conclusions may vary with context. Child Development, 74(4), 1021–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00584.
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561–592.
Mackrain, M., LeBuffe, P., & Powell, G. (2007). Devereux early childhood assessment for infants and toddlers. Lewisville, NC: Kaplan Early Learning Company.
Magaña, A. B., Goldstein, M. J., Karno, M., Miklowitz, D. J., Jenkins, J., & Falloon, I. R. H. (1986). A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research, 17(3), 203–212.
Malphurs, J., Field, T. M., Larraine, C., Pickens, J., Pelaez-Nogueras, M., Yando, R., & Bendell, D. (1996). Altering withdrawn and intrusive interaction behaviors of depressed mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17(2), 152–160.
Mares, S., & Graeff-Martins, A. S. (2012). The clinical assessment of infants, preschoolers and their families. In J. M. Rey (Ed.), IACAPAP e-textbook of child and adolescent mental health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions.
Martins, C., & Gaffan, E. A. (2000). Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant-mother attachment: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(6), 737–746.
Matthey, S., Barnett, B., Howie, P., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2003). Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: Whatever happened to anxiety? Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(2), 139–147.
McCoy, S. J., Beal, J. M., Shipman, S. B., Payton, M. E., & Watson, G. H. (2006). Risk factors for postpartum depression: A retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 106(4), 193–198.
Meades, R., & Ayers, S. (2011). Anxiety measures validated in perinatal populations: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1–2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.009.
Messinger, D. (2005). Smiling. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), The encyclopedia of human development (Vol. 3, pp. 1183–1185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mindell, J. A., Sadeh, A., Wiegand, B., Howd, T. H., & Goh, D. Y. T. (2010). Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep. Sleep Medicine, 11, 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.012.
Mireault, G. C., Crockenberg, S. C., Sparrow, J. E., Pettinato, C. A., Woodard, K. C., & Malzac, K. (2014). Social looking, social referencing and humor perception in 6-and-12-month-old infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 37(4), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.06.004.
Miron, D., Lewis, M., & Zeanah, C. H. (2009). Clinical use of observational procedures in early childhood relationship assessment. In C. H. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (pp. 252–265). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Mondloch, C. J., Lewis, T. L., Budreau, D. R., Maurer, D., Kannemiller, J. D., Stephens, B. R., & Kleiner-Gathercoal, K. A. (1999). Face perception during early infancy. Psychological Science, 10, 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00179.
Murray, L. (1992). The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33(3), 543–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x.
Narvaez, D., Wang, L, & Cheng, A. (2016). Evolved developmental niche history: Relation to adult psychopathology and morality. Applied Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2015.1128835
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Childcare Research Network (ECCRN). (1997). The effects of infant childcare on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD study of early childcare. Child Development, 68, 860–879.
Newborg, J. (2005). Battelle developmental inventory. In Screening test (2nd ed.). Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.
Papousek, M., & von Hofacker, N. (1998). Persistent crying in early infancy: A non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 24(5), 395–424.
Paulson, J. F., Dauber, S., & Leiferman, J. A. (2006). Individual and combined effects of postpartum depression in mothers and fathers on parenting behavior. Pediatrics, 118(2), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2948.
Perez-Escamilla, R., Pollitt, E., Lonnerdal, B., & Dewey, K. G. (1994). Infant feeding policies in maternity wards and their effect on breastfeeding success: An analytical overview. American Journal of Public Health, 84(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.84.1.89.
Phillips, J., Charles, M., Sharpe, L., & Matthey, S. (2009). Validation of the subscales of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in a sample of women with unsettled infants. Journal of Affective Disorders, 118, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.004.
Pien, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1980). Incongruity, humour, play and self-regulation of arousal in young children. In A. Chapman & P. McGhee (Eds.), Children’s humour (pp. 1–2). New York, NY: Wiley.
Pinella, T., & Birch, L. (1993). Help me make it through the night: Behavioural entrainment of breast-fed infants’ sleep patterns. Pediatrics, 91, 436–444.
Rochat, P., & Striano, T. (2002). Who’s in the Mirror? Self-other discrimination in specular images by four- and nine-month-old infants. Child Development, 73(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00390.
Ross, L. E., Gilbert Evans, S. E., Sellers, E. M., & Romach, M. K. (2003). Measurement issues in postpartum depression part 1: Anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-002-0155-1.
Ross, L. E., & McLean, L. M. (2006). Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1285–1298.
Ruvolo, P., Messinger, D., & Movellan, J. (2015). Infants time their smiles to make their moms smile. PLoS One, 10(9), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136492.
Santos, I. S., Mota, D. M., & Matijasevich, A. (2008). Epidemiology of co-sleeping and nighttime waking at 12 months in a birth cohort. Journal de Pedriatria, 84, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1766.
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Sinai, D., & Tikotzky, L. (2012). Infant sleep, parental sleep and parenting stress in families of mothers on maternity leave and in families of working mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 35, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.01.006.
Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1998). Vineland SEEC social-emotional early childhood scales. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spitz, R. (1965). The first year of life. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development in. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 462–516). New York, NY: Wiley.
Sroufe, L., & Wunsch, J. (1972). The development of laughter in the first year of life. Child Development, 43(4), 1326–1344. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127519.
Stanley, C., Murray, L., & Stein, A. (2004). The effect of postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction, infant response to the still-face perturbation, and performance on an instrumental learning task. Development and Psychopathology, 16(1), 1–18.
Stern, D. (1974). Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal and gaze behaviors. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 187–213). New York, NY: Wiley.
St James-Roberts, I. (2012). The origins, prevention, and treatment of infant crying and sleeping problems: An evidence-based guide for health care professionals and the families they support. New York, NY: Routledge.
St James-Roberts, I. S., & Halil, T. (1991). Infant crying patterns in the first year: Normal community and clinical findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01922.x.
St James-Roberts, I., Sleep, J., Morris, S., Owen, C., & Gillham, P. (2001). Use of a behavioural programme in the first 3 months to prevent infant crying and sleeping problems. Journal of Paediatrics Child Health, 37, 289–297.
Squires, J., Bricker, D., & Twombly, E. (2002). The ASQ:SE User’s guide for the ages & stages questionnaires®: Social-emotional: A parent-completed, child-monitoring system for social-emotional behaviors. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
Taylor, N., Donovan, W., & Leavitt, L. (2008). Consistency in infant sleeping arrangements and mother–infant interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29(2), 77–94.
Thomas, J. M., Benham, A. L., Gean, M., Luby, J., Minde, K., Turner, S., & Wright, H. H. (1997). Practice parameters for the psychiatric assessment of infants and toddlers (0–36 Months). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 21S–36S. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199710001-00003
Tie, L., Yu, H., & Huang, S. (2010). Cultural influences on the bedtime behaviour of Chinese children. Biological Rhythm Research, 41(3), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291011003687957.
Tronick, E. Z. (2007). The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development of infants and children. New York, NY: Norton.
Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant’s response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal for American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–13.
Tronick, E., & Beeghly, M. (2011). Infants’ meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. The American Psychologist, 66(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021631.
Tronick, E. Z., & Cohn, J. F. (1989). Infant-mother face-to-face interaction: Age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Development, 60(1), 85–92.
van de Rijt, H., & Plooij, F. (2013). The wonder weeks. Arnhem, Netherlands: Kiddy World Publishing.
Walker-Andrews, A. S. (1997). Infants’ perception of expressive behaviors: Differentiation of multimodal information. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.437.
Watson, D., O’Hara, M., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Gamez, W., & Stuart, S. (2007). Development and validation of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 19, 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253.
Wenzel, A., Haugen, E. N., Jackson, L. C., & Brendle, J. R. (2005). Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.001.
Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585–595.
Wolff, P. (1963). Observations on the early development of smiling. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 113–138). London: Methuen.
Zeanah, C. H., & Benoit, D. (1995). Clinical applications of a parent perception interview in infant mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 4, 539–554.
Zelkowitz, P., & Papageorgiou, A. (2005). Maternal anxiety: An emerging prognostic factor in neonatology. Acta Paediatrics, 94(12), 1704–1705. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250500355030.
ZERO TO THREE. (2016). DC:0-5™ diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood. Washington, DC: Author.
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavia, 67, 361–370.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vozar, T.M., Breuer, A.R., Lofton, A., Heller, S.S., Evenson, A. (2018). Building the Foundation in Early Infancy, 1–6 Months. In: Morris, A., Williamson, A. (eds) Building Early Social and Emotional Relationships with Infants and Toddlers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03109-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03110-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)