Abstract
In this paper we present a new computational bio-inspired approach. We use the three-dimensional model of emotions created by the Hugo Lövheim “cube of emotions” and validated it via neurosimulation in NEST. We present a computational model that bridges psycho-emotional states with computational processes as the extension of the model “cube of emotions.” Results of the neurosimulation indicate the incremental influence of dopamine over computational resources used for the computation of a simulation of a psycho-emotional state as well as noradrenaline modulation of the dopamine system, whereas in contrast serotonin decreases the computational resources used to calculate the simulation of a psycho-emotional state. These results indicate the overall correctness of the neuro-mimetic approaches of artificial cognition that not only are feasible but also offer new and unique ways of designing computing architectures with special performing potential.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldahmash A (2010) Cell numbers in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of as and AS/AGU rats. Biol Res 21:15–22
Arbib M, Fellous JM (2004) Emotions: from brain to robot. Trends Cogn Sci 8(12):554–559
Berridge KC, Robinson TE (1998) What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Rev 28(3):309–369
Birmingham JT, Tauck DL (2003) Neuromodulation in invertebrate sensory systems: from biophysics to behavior. J Exp Biol 206(20):3541–3546. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00601. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/206/20/3541
Bosch-Bouju C, Hyland B, Parr-Brownlie L (2013) Motor thalamus integration of cortical, cerebellar and basal ganglia information: implications for normal and parkinsonian conditions. Front Comput Neurosci 7:163. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncom.2013.00163
Boussida S, Traoré AS, Durif DF (2017) Mapping of the brain hemodynamic responses to sensorimotor stimulation in a rodent model: a bold FMRI study. PLoS One 12(4):e0176512. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176512. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0176512
Bridges MW, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Minlebaev M, Talanov M, Vallverdú J (2015) Towards anthropo-inspired computational systems: the pˆ3 model. In: Jezic, G, Howlett RJ, Jain LC (eds) Smart innovation, systems and technologies, vol 38. Springer, Cham, pp. 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19728-9_26
Cassel JC, Jeltsch H (1995) Serotonergic modulation of cholinergic function in the central nervous system: cognitive implications. Neuroscience 69(1):1–41
Çavdar S, Bay HH, Yıldız SD, Akakın D, Şirvancı S, Onat F (2014) Comparison of numbers of interneurons in three thalamic nuclei of normal and epileptic rats. Neurosci Bull 30(3):451–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1402-3
Cools R, Nakamura K, Daw ND (2011) Serotonin and dopamine: unifying affective, activational, and decision functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(1):98
Counts SE, Mufson EJ (2012) Chapter 12 – locus coeruleus. In: The human nervous system (3rd edn). Academic, San Diego, pp 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10012-4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100124
Damasio A (1999) The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness. Harcourt Inc, New York
Damasio A (1994) Descartes’ error: emotion, reason and the human brain. Putnam Publishing, New York
Damasio AR (1998) Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Res Rev 26:83–86
DeLancey C (2001) Passionate engines: what emotions reveal about the mind and artificial intelligence. Oxford University Press, New York
Dudman JT, Gerfen CR (2015) Chapter 17 – the basal ganglia. In: The rat nervous system, 4th edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 391–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00017-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000176
Durieux P, Schiffmann S, de Kerchove d’Exaerde A (2011) Targeting neuronal populations of the striatum. Front Neuroanat 5:40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2011.00040. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnana.2011.00040
Ebner FF, Kaas JH (2015) Chapter 24 – somatosensory system. In: Paxinos G (ed) The rat nervous system, 4th edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 675–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00024-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000243
Ekman P (2007) Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. Macmillan, New York
Feldmeyer D (2012) Excitatory neuronal connectivity in the barrel cortex. Front Neuroanat 6:24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2012.00024. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnana.2012.00024
Franzoni V, Milani A, Vallverdú J (2017) Emotional affordances in human-machine interactive planning and negotiation. In: Proceedings of the international conference on web intelligence, WI ’17. ACM, New York, pp 924–930. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3106426.3109421
Gewaltig MO, Diesmann M (2007) Nest (neural simulation tool). Scholarpedia 2(4):1430
Geyer S, Luppino G, Rozzi S (2012) Chapter 27 – motor cortex. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 1012–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10027-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100276
Haber SN, Adler A, Bergman H (2012) Chapter 20 – the basal ganglia. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 678–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10020-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100203
Haikonen PO (2003) Cognitive approach to conscious machines
Halliday G, Reyes S, Double K (2012) Chapter 13 – substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and retrorubral fields. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10013-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100136
Hornung JP (2003) The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system. J Chem Neuroanat 26(4):331–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061803001157. Special Issue on the Human Brain – The Structural Basis for Understanding Human Brain Function and Dysfunction
Hornung JP (2012) Chapter 11 – raphe nuclei. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10011-2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100112
Jaeger D, Kita H (2011) Functional connectivity and integrative properties of globus pallidus neurons. Neuroscience 198:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.050. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645221100875X. Function and dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia
Janhunen S, Ahtee L (2007) Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: implications for drug development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31(3):287–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.008
Johard L, Breitwieser L, Meglio AD, Manca M, Mazzara M, Talanov M (2016, Withdrawn) The biodynamo project: a platform for computer simulations of biological dynamics. CoRR abs/1608.01818. http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.01818
Kaas JH (2012) Chapter 30 – somatosensory system. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 1074–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10030-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100306
Kager H, Wadman W, Somjen G (2002) Conditions for the triggering of spreading depression studied with computer simulations. J Neurophysiol 88(5):2700–2712
Koob GF, Le Moal M (2001) Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24(2):97
Koob GF, Arends MA, Moal ML (2014) Chapter 2 – introduction to the neuropsychopharmacology of drug addiction. In: Drugs, addiction, and the brain. Academic, pp 29–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386937-1.00002-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123869371000027
Kunkel S, Schenck W (2017) The nest dry-run mode: efficient dynamic analysis of neuronal network simulation code. Front Neuroinform 11:40
Kuramoto E, Fujiyama F, Nakamura KC, Tanaka Y, Hioki H, Kaneko T (2011) Complementary distribution of glutamatergic cerebellar and GABAergic basal ganglia afferents to the rat motor thalamic nuclei. Eur J Neurosci 33(1):95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07481.x
Lefort S, Tomm C, Sarria JCF, Petersen CC (2009) The excitatory neuronal network of the c2 barrel column in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. Neuron 61(2):301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.020
Leukhin A, Talanov M, Sozutov I, Vallverdú J, Toschev A (2016) Simulation of a fear-like state on a model of dopamine system of rat brain. In: Samsonovich AV et al (eds) Biologically inspired cognitive architectures (BICA) for young scientists. Springer, Cham pp 121–126
Li Y, Zhong W, Wang D, Feng Q, Liu Z, Zhou J, Jia C, Hu F, Zeng J, Guo Q et al (2016) Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus encode reward signals. Nat Commun 7:10503
Llinás RR (2001) I of the vortex: from neurons to self, vol 50. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Lövheim H (2012) A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters. Med Hypotheses 78(2):341–348
Lübke J, Feldmeyer D (2007) Excitatory signal flow and connectivity in a cortical column: focus on barrel cortex. Brain Struct Funct 212(1):3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-007-0144-2
Mai JK, Forutan F (2012) Chapter 19 – thalamus. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 618–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10019-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100197
Marder E (2012) Neuromodulation of neuronal circuits: back to the future. Neuron 76(1):1–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.010. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627312008173
Mayer RE (1999) 22 fifty years of creativity research. Handbook of creativity, vol 449. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mazzara M, Rademakers F, Talanov M, Tchitchigin AD (2017) The biodynamo project: experience report. In: Vallverdú J et al (eds) Advanced research on biologically inspired cognitive architectures. Hershey, Pennsylvania, p 117
Minsky M (1988) The society of mind. Simon & Schuster, New York
Minsky M (2007) The emotion machine: commonsense thinking, artificial intelligence, and the future of the human mind. Simon & Schuster, New York
Nair-Roberts R, Chatelain-Badie S, Benson E, White-Cooper H, Bolam J, Ungless M (2008) Stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field in the rat. Neuroscience 152(4):1024–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.046. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452208000328
Nakamura K (2013) The role of the dorsal raphé nucleus in reward-seeking behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 7:60. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2013.00060
Oatley K, Keltner D, Jenkins JM (2006) Understanding emotions. Blackwell Publishing, London
Oorschot DE (1996) Total number of neurons in the neostriatal, pallidal, subthalamic, and substantia nigral nuclei of the rat basal ganglia: a stereological study using the cavalieri and optical disector methods. J Comp Neurol 366(4):580–599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960318)366:4<580::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-0
Ordway GA, Schwartz MA, Frazer A (2007) Brain norepinephrine: neurobiology and therapeutics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 1–642. www.scopus.com
Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1990) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Panksepp J (2004) Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press, Oxford
PollakDorocic I, Fürth D, Xuan Y, Johansson Y, Pozzi L, Silberberg G, Carlén M, Meletis K (2014) A whole-brain atlas of inputs to serotonergic neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Neuron 83(3):663–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627314005832
Reddy WM (2001) The navigation of feeling: a framework for the history of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rolls ET (2012) Chapter 38 – the emotional systems. In: Mai JK, Paxinos G (eds) The human nervous system, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 1328–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10038-0. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742360100380
Ruhé HG, Mason NS, Schene AH (2007) Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Mol Psychiatry 12(4):331
Samuels ER, Szabadi E (2008) Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(3):235–253. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015908785777229. http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/67659/article
Sara S, Bouret S (2012) Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron 76(1):130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627312008197
Scherer KR, Schorr A, Johnstone T (2001) Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Schultz W (1998) Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 80(1):1–27
Sloman A, Chrisley R (2003) Virtual machines and consciousness. J Conscious Stud 10:133–172
Talanov M, Toschev A (2014) Computational emotional thinking and virtual neurotransmitters. Int J Synth Emot (IJSE) 5(1):1–8
Talanov M, Vallverdu J, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Delhibabu R (2015a) Neuromodulating cognitive architecture: towards biomimetic emotional AI. In: 2015 IEEE 29th international conference on advanced information networking and applications (AINA). IEEE, pp 587–592
Talanov M, Vallverdú J, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Delhibabu R (2015b) Neuromodulating cognitive architecture: towards biomimetic emotional AI. In: Advanced information networking and applications (AINA), pp 587–592. ISSN: 1550–445X
Talanov M, Toschev A, Leukhin A (2017a) Modeling the fear-like state in realistic neural network. BioNanoScience 7(2):446–448
Talanov M, Zagulova M, Distefano S, Pinus B, Leukhin A, Vallverdu J (2017b) The implementation of noradrenaline in the neucogar cognitive architecture. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on advanced cognitive technologies and applications. IARIA XPS Press, pp 10–15
Talanov M, Zykov E, Gerasimov Y, Toschev A, Erokhin V (2017c) Dopamine modulation via memristive schematic. CoRR abs/1709.06325. http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06325. COGNITIVE 2018, The Tenth International Conference on Advanced Cognitive Technologies and Applications February 18, 2018 to February 22, 2018 - Barcelona, Spain ISBN: 978-1-61208-609-5
Talanov M, Gafarov F, Vallverdú J, Ostapenko S, Gazizov M, Toschev A, Leukhin A, Distefano S (2018) Simulation of serotonin mechanisms in neucogar cognitive architecture. Procedia Comput Sci 123:473–478. 8th annual international conference on biologically inspired cognitive architectures, BICA 2017 (Eighth annual meeting of the BICA society), held 1–6 Aug 2017 in Moscow. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.01.072. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918300735.
Tomkins SS (1984) Affect theory. Approaches Emotion 163:163–195
Toschev A, Talanov M, Kurnosov V (2017) Spiking reasoning system. In: 2017 10th international conference on developments in esystems engineering (DeSE), Paris, France. IEEE, pp 251–55
Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Johansen JP (2015) Projection specificity in heterogeneous locus coeruleus cell populations: implications for learning and memory. Learn Mem 22(9):444–451. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.037283.114. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561410/
Vallverdú J (2018) Re-embodying cognition with the same “biases”? Int J Eng Fut Technol TM 15(1):23–30
Vallverdú J, Trovato G (2016) Emotional affordances for human–robot interaction. Adapt Behav 24(5):320–334
Vallverdú J, Talanov M, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Tchitchigin A, Nurgaliev I (2015a) A cognitive architecture for the implementation of emotions in computing systems. Biol Inspired Cogn Architect https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bica.2015.11.002
Vallverdú J, Talanov M, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Tchitchigin A, Nurgaliev I (2015b) A cognitive architecture for the implementation of emotions in computing systems. Biol Inspired Cogn Architect 15:34–40
Vallverdu J, Talanov M, Distefano S, Mazzara M, Manca M, Tchitchigin A (2016) Neucogar: a neuromodulating cognitive architecture for biomimetic emotional AI. Int J Artif Intell 14(1):27–40
Vertes RP, Linley SB, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP (2015) Chapter 16 – thalamus. In: Paxinos G (ed) The rat nervous system, 4th edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 335–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00016-4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000164
Voigt BC, Brecht M, Houweling AR (2008) Behavioral detectability of single-cell stimulation in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. J Neurosci 28(47):12362–12367. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3046-08.2008. http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/47/12362
Acknowledgements
The specific researches of Professor Vallverdú are supported by the project “Innovacion epistemológica: el caso de las ciencias biomédicas” (FFI2017-85711-P). The work of Max Talanov, Alexey Leukhin, and Fail Gafarov is supported by the Program of Competitive Growth of KFU and was funded by the subsidy allocated to KFU for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities number 2.8303.2017/8.9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG (outside the USA)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talanov, M., Leukhin, A., Lövheim, H., Vallverdú, J., Toschev, A., Gafarov, F. (2019). Modeling Psycho-Emotional States via Neurosimulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitters. In: Vallverdú, J., Müller, V. (eds) Blended Cognition. Springer Series in Cognitive and Neural Systems, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03104-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03104-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03103-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03104-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)