Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Surveying and Surveillance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Environmental Geoinformatics

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

  • 1208 Accesses

Abstract

In this section, we discuss the quantitative and qualitative data that could be collected using GNSS satellites, and in so doing, attempt to answer the question “what can GNSS satellites deliver that are of use to environmental monitoring?” The observed parameters necessary for environmental monitoring vary, depending upon the indicators being assessed. Some are physical variables such as changes in soil patterns, vegetation, rainfall, water levels, temperature, deforestation, solar and UV radiation. Others are chemical variables , e.g., pH, salinity, nutrients, metals, pesticides, while others are biological variables , e.g., species types, ecosystem health, and indicator species.

Any measurement must take into account the position of the observer. There is no such thing as measurement absolute, there is only measurement relative.

—Jeanette Winterson.

\(\mathrm {In~that~case,}\) Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so.

—Galileo Galilei.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    E.g., typing YUMA+GPS leads to http://celestrak.com/GPS/almanac/Yuma/.

  2. 2.

    http://www.gdgps.net/.

  3. 3.

    http://www.gdgps.net/products/great-alert.html.

  4. 4.

    Mobile Mapper 100. White paper: A break through in hand-held accuracy.

  5. 5.

    Some providers, such as FUGRO in Australia, have started using carrier-phase pseudorange corrections to deliver sub-centimeter accuracy.

  6. 6.

    http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/.

  7. 7.

    http://www.sapos.de/pdf/Flyer/2004Flyer_e.pdf.

References

  1. Awange JL (2018) GNSS environmental sensing. Revolutionizing environmental monitoring. Springer International Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  2. Awange JL (2012) Environmental monitoring using GNSS global navigations satellite systems. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Hofman-Wellenhof B, Lichtenegger H, Wasle E (2008) GNSS global navigation satellite system: GPS, GLONASS; Galileo and more. Springer, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  4. US Army Corps of Engineers (2007) NAVSTAR Global Positioning System surveying. Engineering and design manual, EM 1110-1-1003

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schofield W, Breach M (2007) Engineering surveying, 6th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  6. El-Rabbany A (2006) Introduction to GPS global positioning system, 2nd edn. Artech House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hammond WC, Brooks BA, Bürgmann R, Heaton T, Jackson M, Lowry AR, Anandakrishnan S (2011) Scientific value of real-time Global Positioning System data. Eos 92(15):125–126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO150001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hammond WC, Brooks BA, Bürgmann R, Heaton T, Jackson M, Lowry AR, Anandakrishnan S (2010) The scientific value of high-rate, low-latency GPS data, a white paper. http://www.unavco.org/community_science/science_highlights/2010/realtimeGPSWhitePaper2010.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2011

  9. Rizos C (2001) Alternatives to current GPS-RTK services and some implications for CORS infrastructure and operations. GPS Solution 11(3):151–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-007-0056-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gao Y (2006) Precise point positioning and its challenges. Inside GNSS, November/December issue, pp 16–18

    Google Scholar 

  11. Khodabandeh A, Teunissen PJG (2016) PPP-RTK and inter-system biases: the ISB look-up table as a means to support multi-system PPP-RTK. J Geodesy 90:837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0914-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Snay R, Soler T (2008) Continuously operating reference station (CORS): history, applications, and future enhancements. J Surv Eng 134(4):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2008)134:4(95)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Anderssohn J, Wetzel H, Walter TR, Motagh M, Djamour Y, Kaufmann H (2008) Land subsidence pattern controlled by old alpine basement faults in the Kashmar Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR and levelling. Geophys J Int 174:287–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03805.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Maryam D, Zoej V, Javad M, Iman E, Ali M, Sassan S (2009) InSAR monitoring of progressive land subsidence in Neyshabour, northeast Iran. Geophys J Int 186(1):382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04135.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Motagh M, Djamour Y, Walter TR, Wetze H, Zschau J, Arabi S (2007) Land subsidence in Mashhad Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR, levelling and GPS. Geophys J Int 168:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03246.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Stone W (2006) The evolution of the National Geodetic Survey’s continuously operating reference station network and online positioning user service. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Evolution_of_CORS_and_OPUS.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2009

  17. Matsuzaka S (2006) GPS network experience in Japan and its usefulness. In: Seventeenth United Nations Regional Cartographic conference for Asia and the Pacific. Geographical Survey Institute, 18–22 Sept 2006, Bangkok, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  18. Westerhaus M, Welle W (2002) Environmental effects on tilt measurements at Merapi volcano. Bull. Inf. Mars Terrestres 137:10917–10926

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sagiya T (2005) A decade of GEONET: 1994–2003 the continuous GPS observation in Japan and its impact on earthquake studies? Earth Planets Space 56:xxix–xli

    Google Scholar 

  20. SAPOS (2009) Satellitenpositionierungsdienst der deutschen Landesvermessung. http://www.sapos.de/. Accessed 16 May 2009

  21. Wolfgang D (2005) Funktion und Nutzung des SAPOS - Deutschland-Netzes, Flächenmanagement und Bodenordnung (FuB). http://www.sapos.de/pdf/SAPOS_Deutschland_Netz_klein.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2009

  22. Geoscience Australia (2009) Australian regional GPS network. http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/argn/. Accessed 16 May 2009

  23. Leick A (2004) GPS satellite surveying, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  24. Awange JL, Grafarend EW (2005) Solving algebraic computational problems in geodesy and geoinformatics. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rieser D (2008) Comparison of GRACE-derived monthly surface mass variations with rainfall data in Australia. M.Sc. thesis, Graz University of Technology

    Google Scholar 

  26. Featherstone WE, Kirby JF, Kearsley AHW, Gilliland JR, Johnston GM, Steed J (2001) The AUSGeoid98 geoid model of Australia: data treatment, computations and comparisons with GPS-levelling data. J Geodesy 75(5–6):313–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001900100177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Prasad R, Ruggieri M (2005) Applied satellite navigation using GPS, GALILEO and augmentation systems. Artech House, Boston/London

    Google Scholar 

  28. Awange JL, Grafarend EW, Palánczz B, Zaletnyik P (2010) Algebraic geodesy and geoinformatics, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Awange JL, Palánczz B (2016) Geospatial algebraic computations—theory and applications, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Awange JL, Palánczz B, Lewis RH, Völgyesi L (2016) Mathematical geosciences-hybrid symbolic-numeric methods. Springer International Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  31. IGS (2009) International GNSS Service. http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/. Accessed 16 May 2009

  32. Grafarend EW, Krum FW (2006) Map projections—cartographic information systems. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia

    Joseph Awange

  2. Department of Geospatial and Space Technology, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya

    John Kiema

Authors
  1. Joseph Awange
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John Kiema
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph Awange .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Awange, J., Kiema, J. (2019). Environmental Surveying and Surveillance. In: Environmental Geoinformatics. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03017-9_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation