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Property and Its Limits

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Nordic Law in European Context

Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 73))

Abstract

There is no national comprehensive code or specific legislation which regulates property law matters as a whole in any of the Nordic countries. Some issues are regulated by statutory law, others by customary law, court decisions or general principles. Furthermore, the is no common (Nordic) legal definition of property, and many differences exist between the Nordic countries. Still, it is important to underline that the most significant right to property, ownership, is protected in all Nordic countries by constitutional law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The author wishes to thank Dr. Teemu Juutilainen, University of Helsinki, for comments.

  2. 2.

    Lilja (2011).

  3. 3.

    Even so, several Nordic statutes refer to “ownership”, but in each case the purport and effect of the ownership mentioned is obvious.

  4. 4.

    Håstad (2006a, b), p. 39.

  5. 5.

    Lassen (1890), p. 619.

  6. 6.

    Torp (1902).

  7. 7.

    See, for instance, in Denmark Ross (1935) and Vinding Kruse (1951); in Norway Brækhus and Hærem (1964); in Sweden Håstad (2004).

  8. 8.

    For further studies in Scandinavian property law, see inter alia Björne (2007), Brækhus and Hærem (1964), Elmer and Skovby (1999), Lilja (2011), Falkanger and Falkanger (2013), Hansen Jensen (2007), Håstad (2004), Hessler (1973), Martinson (2012), Millqvist (2015), Mortensen (2008), Pöyhöne (2002), Ross (1957), Sandstedt (2013), Tepora (2009), and Vinding Kruse (1924).

  9. 9.

    For situations where the right of property may come into conflict with other rights and interests from a Danish point of view, see Hansen Jensen (2007), p. 123. For the same, from a Swedish point of view, see Åhman (2000), p. 307.

  10. 10.

    Jordabalk (1970:994).

  11. 11.

    According to the Finnish Code of Real Estate, Maakaari/Jordabalk 540/1995, acquisition of real property can also be concluded by electronic means. The parties will then employ electronic documents following as a systemized structure regulated in the code.

  12. 12.

    Lov om jord 1995 no 23.

  13. 13.

    Købeloven 2003 no 237.

  14. 14.

    Thus, an agreed purchase price different from the one stated in the purchase document is void and will replaced by the written one.

  15. 15.

    At least not in Sweden, where the crises in the property market at the beginning of the 1990s and again in the late 2000s have demonstrated that real property may not always be considered as completely reliable.

  16. 16.

    Lov om tinglysing 1935 no 2.

  17. 17.

    Tinglysningsloven 1986 no 622.

  18. 18.

    These acts do not cover all situations, though, but are to be applied unless otherwise enacted elsewhere.

  19. 19.

    Lov om friluftslivet 1957 no 16.

  20. 20.

    Rikoslaki/Strafflag 39/1889.

  21. 21.

    Luonnonsuojelulaki/Naturvårdslag 1096/1996.

  22. 22.

    More relevant is the fairly vague mentioning of everyman’s right in the Environment Code, Miljöbalk (1998:808).

  23. 23.

    A similar provision can be found in the Finnish Penal Code.

  24. 24.

    For further studies in the Scandinavian concept of everyman’s right, see inter alia Bengtsson (2004), Nordisk Ministerråd (1997), Nuuja and Viitanen (2007), and Reusch (2012).

  25. 25.

    Norsk Retstidende 1910.231 and 1912.263.

  26. 26.

    Brækhus and Hærem (1964), p. 513.

  27. 27.

    Lilja (2011), p. 13; von Bar and Drobnig (2004), p. 316.

  28. 28.

    Compare Göransson (1985), Håstad (2009), and Olsson (1954).

  29. 29.

    The use of English terminology is somewhat risky; the nature of the Nordic solutions does not match the corresponding common law expressions pledge, mortgage, pawn and lien. Hence the need to raise a warning flag for the occurrence of some false friends. In order to achieve a passably consistent terminology, the glossary included in Kieninger (2004) has been used as a guideline.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Law Department, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Patrik Lindskoug

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  1. Patrik Lindskoug
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Pia Letto-Vanamo

  2. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Ditlev Tamm

  3. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

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Lindskoug, P. (2019). Property and Its Limits. In: Letto-Vanamo, P., Tamm, D., Gram Mortensen, B.O. (eds) Nordic Law in European Context. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 73. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03006-3_8

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