Abstract
Turkey comprises different types of manganese deposits which were identified by the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) in 1965 (MTA. Manganese ore deposits of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. Pub. No: 120, 38 p. (In Turkish), 1972). After many research works conducted on the formation and genesis of marine pollymetalic oxides that occur in the modern oceanic sediments, a new genetic classification of the marine ferromanganese manganese deposits was made by several workers (Frakes LA, Bolton BR. Geology 12:83–86, 1984; Rona 1992). Based on newly acquired knowledge, the manganese deposits of Turkey were divided into four main types according to host rocks, geological-tectonic settings and formation processes by Öztürk (Geol Eng 43:24–33. (In Turkish with English abstract), 1993a; Öztürk H. Ore Geol Rev 12:187–203, 1997; Öztürk H, Hein JR. Econ Geol 92:733–744, 1997). These types are (1) Black shale – hosted deposits, (2) Radiolarian chert – hosted deposits, (3) Oligocene – hosted deposits, (4) Volcanic arc – hosted and/or vein -type deposits. Although radiolarian chert – hosted type Mn oxides mineralization is widely distributed, they generally are small occurrences associated with ophiolitic mélanges but some of them may be of economic value. Economically important Mn deposits are in the black shale rocks in southwestern Turkey and in the Oligocene sediments in the Thrace Basin. The Oligocene deposits are connected to the Black Sea region deposits, including Varna (Bulgaria), Nikopol (Ukraine) and Chiatura (Georgia). Exploration studies by drilling programs have been made by MTA for the Oligocene – hosted Binkılıç deposit of the Thrace Basin (Bora E. Binkılıç ve Sefaalan Bölgesinin jeolojisi ve manganez yatakları. [The geology and Mn deposits of the Binkılıc¸ and Sefaalan area]. M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul University, 47 p. (In Turkish, unpublished), 1969) and black shale – hosted Ulukent Mn deposit in Tavas region (Doğan H, Turkmen H. Ulukent – Tavas çevresindeki manganez yataklarının jeoloji Raporu. [Geological report of the manganese deposits of the Ulukent-Tavas and surrounding area]. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Report No: 345, 87 p. (In Turkish, Unpublished), 1983).
The representative manganese deposits or occurrences of each type are identified in this chapter on the basis of their age, host rocks, mineralogy, geochemistry and reserve – grade relationships. The distribution of the manganese mineral systems and the location of the important deposits in Turkey are shown in Fig. 6.1. The Mn ores of the main deposits were sampled and analyzed by ICP- MS at Acme laboratories in Canada, in 2015 exclusive for this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ateşok G (1979) Trakya-Binkılıç yöresi düşük tenörlü manganez cevherlerinin zenginleştirilmesi. [Mineral processing of the low grade Mn ores of the Thrace-Binkılıç Region] Ph. D. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 134 p. (in Turkish with English abstract)
Bora E (1969) Binkılıç ve Sefaalan Bölgesinin jeolojisi ve manganez yatakları. [The geology and Mn deposits of the Binkılıc¸ and Sefaalan area]. M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul University, 47 p. (In Turkish, unpublished)
Doğan H, Turkmen H (1983) Ulukent – Tavas çevresindeki manganez yataklarının jeoloji Raporu. [Geological report of the manganese deposits of the Ulukent-Tavas and surrounding area]. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Report No: 345, 87p. (In Turkish, Unpublished)
Erdemoğlu M, Yaman S (1992) Çevretepe-Ceyhan-Adana manganez yatağının metalojenik incelenmesi [Metallogenical investigation on manganese deposits of the Çevretepe -Ceyhan-Adana]. J Fac Eng Çukurova Univ 7:25–42 (in Turkish with English abstract)
Fan D, Lui T, Ye J (1992) The process of formation of manganese carbonate deposits hosted in black shale series. Econ Geol 87:1419–1429
Frakes LA, Bolton BR (1984) Origin of manganese giants: sea level change and anoxic– oxic history. Geology 12:83–86
Gedikoğlu A, Van A, Eyupoğlu I, Yalçınalp B (1985) Doğu Karadeniz manganez cevherleşmelerine bir örnek: Ocaklı (Maçka, Trabzon) manganez zuhuru. [An example of manganese mineralization in the eastern Pontide: The Ocaklı (Maçka, Trabzon) manganese prospect]. Geol Eng 25:23–37 (in Turkish with English abstract)
Graciansky P (1968) Teke yarımadası (Likya) Torosları’nın üst üste gelmiş ünitelerinin Stratigrafisi ve Dinaro-Toroslar’daki yeri. [The stratigraphy of the imbricated tectonic units around Teke Peninsula Liciyen and their position at the Taurides]. Bull Min Res Exp 71:73–93 (In Turkish and French)
Gultekin AH (1998) Geochemistry and origin of the Oligocene binkılıç manganese deposit; Thrace Basin. Turk J Earth Sci 7:11–23
Hein JR, Bolton BR (1992) Stable isotope composition of Nikopol and Chiatura manganese ores, USSR: implications for genesis of large sedimentary manganese deposits [abs.]. International Geological Congress, 29th, Kyoto Japan, Abstracts, 1, 209
Kirmanlı C, Nasuf E (1998) Denizli-Tavas-Ulukent manganez açık işletmesinin jeoistatistik yöntemle rezerv-tenör ilişkisinin belirlenmesi. [Determination of reserve-grade relation of Denizli-Tavas-Ulukent manganese open pit mine using geostatistics]. Madencilik 37:19–27 (In Turkish)
Kuşçu M, Gedikoğlu A (1989) Ulukent (Tavas-Denizli) güneyi manganez yataklarının jeokimyasal özellikleri. [The geochemical properties of the manganese deposits at the south of Ulukent Tavas–Denizli]. Geosound 17:29–48 (in Turkish with English abstract)
MTA (1972) Türkiye manganez yatakları. [Manganese ore deposits of Turkey]. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. Pub. No: 120, 38 p. (In Turkish)
Okita PM, Maynard JB, Spiker EC, Force ER (1988) Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:2679–2685
Okita PM (1992) Mnganese carbonate mineralization in the Molango District. Econ Geol 87(5):1345–1366
Oygür V (1990) Çayırlı (Ankara-Haymana) manganez yatağının jeolojisi, oluşumu ve kökeni üzerine görüşler. [Implications on geology, genesis and origin of Çayırlı manganese deposit, Ankara, central Anatolia]. Bull Min Res Exp 110:114–122 (In Turkish with English abstract)
Özküz N (2011) Derbent (Yozgat) manganez yatağının jeokimyası ve oluşumu. [Geochemistry and the origin of manganese mineralizations in Derbent (Yozgat) Region]. Bull Earth Sci Applic Res Cent Hacet Univ 3:213–234 (In Turkish with English abstract)
Öztürk H (1993a) Manganese mineralizations in Turkey: processes of formation and types. Geol Eng 43:24–33 (In Turkish with English abstract)
Öztürk H (1993b) Characteristics and formations of fossil manganese nodules in the Koçali Komplex, Adıyaman, Turkey. Geol Bull Turk 36:159–169 (In Turkish with English abstract)
Öztürk H (1997) Manganese deposits in Turkey: distribution, types and tectonic setting. Ore Geol Rev 12:187–203
Öztürk H, Frakes LA (1995) Sedimentation and diagenesis of an Oligocene manganese deposit in a shallow subbasin of the Paratethys, Thrace Basin, Turkey. Ore Geol Rev 10:117–132
Öztürk H, Hein JR (1997) Mineralogy and stable isotopes of black shale – hosted manganese ores, Southwestern Taurides. Econ Geol 92:733–744
Polgari M, Okita PM, Hein JR (1991) Stable isotope evidence for the origin of the Urkut manganese ore deposit, Hungary. J Sediment Petrol 61:384–393
Rona PA (1984) Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers. Earth Sci Rev 20:1–104
Rona PA (1992) Deepsea geysers of the Atlantic. Natl Geogr Mag 182(4):104–109
Roy S (1992) Environments and processes of manganese deposition. Econ Geol 87:1218–1237
Türkyılmaz B (2004) Güneydoğu Anadolu bindirme kuşağındaki mangan yataklarının mineralojik, jeokimyasal ve kökensel olarak incelenmesi. [Mineralogical, geochemical and genetic investigation of the manganese deposits of the Southeast Anatolian thrust belt]. Ph.D. Thesis. Fırat University. Elazıg, 160 p. (in Turkish with English abstract)
Uzkut I (1971) Türkiye manganez madenciliği, ekonomisi ve geleceği. [Economy of manganese mining in Turkey and its feature]. Bull Min Res Exp 77:98–112 (in Turkish with English abstract)
Van A, Yalçınalp B (2010) Geological setting and geochemical characteristics of Kuşkayası Manganese deposit, Otlukbeli, Erzincan, Türkiye. Geol Eng 34:41–55 (in Turkish with English abstract)
Acknowledgements
I thank to J. R. Hein, L. A. Frakes and G. Glasby for valuable discussions during the field study in Turkey, to N. Hanilci for sharing data of the Kepirli Mn mineralization, and research assistant Zeynep Cansu (İstanbul University) for contribution in drafting the figures. Thanks to Demeka mining company for their permission and kindly helps during the field study. Thanks go to the editorial group of this book for inviting me the preparation of the manganese chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Öztürk, H., Kasapçı, C., Özbaş, F. (2019). Manganese Deposits of Turkey. In: Pirajno, F., Ünlü, T., Dönmez, C., Şahin, M. (eds) Mineral Resources of Turkey. Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02948-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02950-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)