Abstract
While the efforts of the labour movement did not result in any major outcomes for Cypriot workers during the years scrutinized in the previous chapter, this chapter will explore and analyze the efforts and goals of the labour movement from 1931 until 1960. The course of this journey continued despite various obstacles set by the colonial government, employers and especially the foreign companies that were running/exploiting the mining industry on the island.
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Notes
- 1.
Storrs, 1937: 520.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986: 195.
- 5.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986: 195.
- 6.
- 7.
Graikos, 1991: 28.
- 8.
Mines Regulation Law, 1925.
- 9.
A mukhtar was appointed by the government and was essentially the president of a village or a parish in a city. Usually, a mukhtar was responsible for certifying the originality of the information on various documents, such as applications to government agencies, birth certificates, etc.
- 10.
- 11.
Surridge, 1930: 12–13.
- 12.
Eleftheria, 1937b: 1.
- 13.
Graikos, 1991: 214.
- 14.
Fantis, 2005.
- 15.
In the extremely poor social conditions in Cyprus, these professions were classified as middle class for those who were owners of such small businesses, since they allowed those craftsmen to maintain an average standard of living as opposed to their employees, whose very low income did not allow them to escape from poverty.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
PEO, 1998: 5.
- 19.
Varnava, 1990: 112–113.
- 20.
Graikos, 1991: 9.
- 21.
Neos Demokratis 1953: 1.
- 22.
Eleftheria on July 10, 1935: 1.
- 23.
Slocum, 1972.
- 24.
- 25.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 26.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 27.
- 28.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986: 197.
- 29.
- 30.
Fantis, 2005.
- 31.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012.
- 32.
Fantis, 2005.
- 33.
Teykros Anthias, Eystathios Xinaris, Symeon Charie, Stelios Georgiou, Kyriakos Ttigiros, Herodotos Ioannidie, Kostas Giorgallie, Nikolas Savva, Joseph Mauros, George Heraklis, Kyriakos Kakoulli, Aristodemos Skarparis and Kordos Christou.
- 34.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986: 184–185.
- 35.
PEO, 1987.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 39.
Filergatikos translates to Friend of workers.
- 40.
Eleftheria, 1937a: 5.
- 41.
Ioannou, 2011: 33.
- 42.
Lanitis, 1940.
- 43.
Varnava, 1999.
- 44.
Fantis, 2005.
- 45.
Graikos, 1991.
- 46.
Graikos, 1991.
- 47.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 48.
PEO, 1987.
- 49.
Varnava, 1999: 35.
- 50.
Varnava, 1999: 36–37.
- 51.
Varnava, 1999: 37.
- 52.
Newsinger, 2013.
- 53.
Fantis, 2005: 140.
- 54.
- 55.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 56.
Fantis, 2005.
- 57.
PEO, 1987: 17–18.
- 58.
The Workmen’s Compensation Law, 1942.
- 59.
Yiallouros, 2007: 11.
- 60.
PEO, 1998.
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
Fantis, 2005: 106–107.
- 64.
The Statute Law of Cyprus, No. 1, of 1932.
- 65.
- 66.
Sparsis, 1999: 19.
- 67.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986: 200–201.
- 68.
Pantelis Varnava, 2006.
- 69.
Stampolis, 1963: 3.
- 70.
Fantis, 2005: 71.
- 71.
- 72.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 73.
Graikos, 1991.
- 74.
Fantis, 2005.
- 75.
Gregoriades, 1994: 69–70.
- 76.
Cyprus National Archives, SA1/1368/1930/1.
- 77.
Any member of the Cyprus communist party was called by the colonial authorities as ‘Red’ from the red colour communist parties used on their symbols and as an ascription to the colonial government for that person’s actions. The number at the end of the word Red was corresponding to the total number of labelled communists in Cyprus by the time a person was labelled. For instance, Red 554 meant that 554 persons had been labelled as communists thus far.
- 78.
Fantis, 2005: 73–75.
- 79.
Cyprus National Archives, SA1/1368/1930/3; SA1/1368/1930/4.
- 80.
History of KKK-AKEL, 1986.
- 81.
Stampolis, 1963.
- 82.
Eleftheria, 1944: 1.
- 83.
Archives of the Department of Labour, 1945.
- 84.
Gregoriades, 1994.
- 85.
Sparsis, 1999.
- 86.
Ten years later SEK maintained the same requests pointing out that the colonial government should modify the labour law in a way that would provide health care to all citizens.
- 87.
Sparsis, 1999.
- 88.
- 89.
- 90.
Protopapas, 2010.
- 91.
Chrysostomou, 2009.
- 92.
- 93.
PEO, 1987: 34.
- 94.
Graikos, 1991.
- 95.
Fantis, 1997.
- 96.
- 97.
- 98.
- 99.
Newsinger, 2013.
- 100.
PEO, 1950.
- 101.
Fantis, 2005.
- 102.
Fantis, 2005.
- 103.
Pantelis Varnava, 2010.
- 104.
Varnava, 1999.
- 105.
Graikos, 1991.
- 106.
Fantis, 2005.
- 107.
PEO, 1987.
- 108.
PEO, 2001.
- 109.
Graikos, 1991.
- 110.
Varnava, 2004.
- 111.
- 112.
Graikos, 1991.
- 113.
PEO, 1998.
- 114.
Varnava, 2010.
- 115.
PEO, 1950.
- 116.
- 117.
Fantis, 2005.
- 118.
William (Bill) Clifford (1918–1986), criminologist, was born on 6 October 1918 in Bradford, Yorkshire, England. In 1952 Clifford became the British colonial service’s director of Social Development in Cyprus, charged with bringing Cypriots closer to administrative independence.
- 119.
Archives of Social Welfare Services, 1952.
- 120.
Archives of Social Welfare Services, 1953: 18.
- 121.
Archives of Social Welfare Services, 1953.
- 122.
Chrysostomou, 2009.
- 123.
Chrysostomou, 2009.
- 124.
Archives of Social Welfare Services, 1954.
- 125.
- 126.
Social Welfare Services, 1956.
- 127.
Archives of Social Welfare Services, 1957: 27.
- 128.
Chrysostomou 2009.
- 129.
PEO, 1987.
- 130.
- 131.
- 132.
The Trade Disputes, Consolidation, Arbitration and Investigation Law, 1941.
- 133.
Sparsis, 1999.
- 134.
Sparsis, 1999.
- 135.
Archives of the Department of Labour, 1951: 22.
- 136.
Archives of the Department of Labour, 1952: 12.
- 137.
- 138.
Yiallouros 2007.
- 139.
Archives of the Department of Labour, 1953.
- 140.
Midgley, 1997.
- 141.
Mouton, 1975.
- 142.
Midgley 1997.
- 143.
Saville, 1983.
- 144.
Midgley, 1997.
- 145.
Fantis, 2005.
- 146.
PEO, 1987: 75.
- 147.
PEO, 1953: 1.
- 148.
PEO, 1953.
- 149.
Graikos, 1991.
- 150.
Skettos, 1953.
- 151.
Skettos, 1953.
- 152.
Skettos, 1953: 12.
- 153.
Pierson, 2006.
- 154.
Skettos, 1953.
- 155.
Yiallouros, 2007.
- 156.
PEO, 1987.
- 157.
PEO, 1987.
- 158.
Archives of the Social Welfare Services, 1953.
- 159.
Graikos, 1991.
- 160.
- 161.
Graikos, 1991.
- 162.
Graikos, 1991.
- 163.
- 164.
Archives of the Social Welfare Services, 1955.
- 165.
Graikos, 1991.
- 166.
The Cyprus Gazette, 1956.
- 167.
Archives of the Social Welfare Services, 1956.
- 168.
Graikos, 1991.
- 169.
Archives of the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, 1960.
- 170.
Yiallouros, 2007.
- 171.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956, (section 15 (1).
- 172.
Yiallouros, 2007.
- 173.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 (section 27(1) (c).
- 174.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 [section 21].
- 175.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 [section 22].
- 176.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 [section 22].
- 177.
Graikos, 1991.
- 178.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 [section 21] (2).
- 179.
Social Insurance Law, 31 of 1956 (section 12 and Forth Schedule).
- 180.
10th Pancyprian PEO Conference, 1956b.
- 181.
Graikos, 1991: 233.
- 182.
- 183.
Antoniou, 2009.
- 184.
Archives of the Social Welfare Services, 1958.
- 185.
PEO, 1959b: 209.
- 186.
11th Pancyprian PEO Conference, 1959b.
- 187.
PEO, 1959b.
- 188.
Antoniou, 2007: 1.
- 189.
Pantelis Varnava, 2010.
- 190.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012.
- 191.
- 192.
- 193.
Lavalette and Mooney, 2000:8.
- 194.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012: 48.
- 195.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012.
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Neocleous, G. (2019). Growth of the Labour Movement and Introduction of Social Insurance, 1931–1960. In: Social Insurance and Older People in Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02946-3_4
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