Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Biology of RNA Viruses Isolated in Antarctica

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Ecological Role of Micro-organisms in the Antarctic Environment

Part of the book series: Springer Polar Sciences ((SPPS))

Abstract

RNA viruses exist as collections of closely related viral genomes, termed quasispecies, subjected to a continuous process of genetic variation, competition among the variants generated, and selection of the most fitted distributions in a given environment. Large population sizes and high evolutionary rates make RNA viruses unique. Detailed studies on the molecular biology and evolution of RNA viruses are extremely important for our understanding of the role of these viruses in Antarctica, as well as to gain insight into their emergence and spread. Antarctic ecosystems are dominated by microorganisms, where RNA viruses play an important role as an active, persistent, and important component of the aquatic microbial community, both at Antarctic sea and freshwater environments. RNA virus infection of Antarctic wildlife is more significant than previously anticipated, where at least members of five different RNA virus families have been identified. RNA plant viruses have been also observed. Recent studies reveal the introduction, persistence, and evolution of emerging RNA viruses of extreme importance for human and/or animal health in Antarctica. To determine the role of Antarctica in the global emergence of these viruses is extremely important for the development of appropriate strategies to control infection caused by these viruses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, M. J., Adkins, S., Bragard, C., Gilmer, D., & Li, D. (2017). ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Virgaviridae. The Journal of General Virology, 98, 1999–2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adriaenssens, E. M., Kramer, R., Van Goethem, M. W., Makhalanyane, T. P., Hogg, I., & Cowan, D. A. (2017). Environmental drivers of viral community composition in Antarctic soils identified by viromics. Microbiome, 5, e83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre de Cárcer, D., López-Bueno, A., Alonso-Lobo, J. M., Quesada, A., et al. (2016). Metagenomic analysis of lacustrine viral diversity along a latitudinal transect of the Antarctic Peninsula. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 92, fiw074. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw074.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, D. J., Manvell, R. J., Collins, M. S., Brockman, S. J., Westbury, H. A., et al. (1989). Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from penguins in Antarctica and sub-Antarctica during 1976–1979. Archives of Virology, 109, 135–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, F. J., & Webster, R. G. (1993). Evidence of ortho- and paramyxoviruses in fauna from Antarctica. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 29, 568–571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, A., & Palacios, M. J. (2009). Health of Antarctic birds: A review of their parasites, pathogens and diseases. Polar Biology, 32, 1095–1115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, G. P., Boric-Bargetto, D., San Martin, M. C., Neira, V., van Bakel, H., et al. (2016). Avian influenza virus H5 strain with North American and Eurasian lineage genes in an Antarctic penguin. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22, 2221–2223.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, E., Leotta, G., Pontoriero, A., Campos, A., Montalti, D., et al. (2004). Serological evidences of influenza A virus infection in Antarctica migratory birds. International Congress Series, 1263, 737–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, J. L., Boveng, P., Franzen, U., Have, P., Heide-Jorgensen, M. P., et al. (1991). Antibodies to canine distemper virus in antarctic seals. Marine Mammal Science, 7, 85–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevins, S. N., Dusek, R. J., White, C. L., Gidlewski, T., Bodenstein, B., et al. (2016). Widespread detection of highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses in wild birds from the Pacific flyway of the United States. Scientific Reports, 6, 28980.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, M. (2004). Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brum, J. R., Hurwitz, B. L., Schofield, O., Ducklow, H. W., & Sullivan, M. B. (2017). Seasonal time bombs: Dominant temperate viruses affect southern ocean microbial dynamics. The ISME Journal, 10, 437–449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavicchioli, R., & Erdmann, S. (2015). The discovery of Antarctic RNA viruses: A new game changer. Molecular Ecology, 24, 4809–4811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. L., & Melero, J. A. (2011). Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: Still crazy after all these years. Virus Research, 162, 80–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Culley, A. (2018). New insight into the RNA aquatic virosphere via viromics. Virus Research, 244, 84–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delmas, B., Mundt, E., Vakharia, V. N., & Wu, J. L. (2011). Family Birnaviridae. In A. M. Q. King, E. Lefkowitz, M. J. Adams, & E. B. Carstens (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (pp. 496–507). San Diego: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, E. (2006). Quasispecies: Concept and implications for virology. Heidelberg: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, E., Sabo, D., Taniguchi, T., & Weissmann, C. (1978). Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population. Cell, 13, 735–744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., et al. (2007). Marine pelagic ecosystems: The West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362, 67–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, V. G., Chen, R., Spiro, D. J., Sengamalay, N., Zaborsky, J., et al. (2008). The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds. PLoS Pathogens, 4, e1000076.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egevang, C., Stenhouse, I. J., Phillips, R. A., Petersen, A., Fox, J. W., et al. (2010). Tracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 10182–10189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggers, H. J., & Tamm, I. (1965). Coxsackie A9 virus: Mutation from drug dependence to drug independence. Science, 148, 97–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eigen, M. (1971). Self organization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften, 58, 465–523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eigen, M. (1992). Steps towards life: A perspective on evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. (1977). The hypercycle. A principle of natural self-organization. Part A: Emergence of the hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften, 64, 541–565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C., Brandsma, J., Pond, D. W., & Venables, H. J. (2017). Drivers of interannual variability in virioplankton abundance at the coastal western Antarctic peninsula and the potential effects of climate change. Environmental Microbiology, 19, 740–755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fajardo, A., Cristina, J., & Moreno, P. (2016). Emergence and spreading potential of Zika virus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1667.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, C. M., Dieser, M., Greenwood, M., Cory, R. M., Laybourn-Parry, J., et al. (2010). When a habitat freezes solid: Microorganisms over-winter within the ice column of a coastal Antarctic lake. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 76, 401–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, N. L., Palacios, G., Tesh, R. B., Savji, N., Guzman, H., et al. (2012). Genome-scale phylogeny of the alphavirus genus suggests a marine origin. Journal of Virology, 86, 2729–2738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, H., Kerry, K., Riddle, M., Brouwer, S., & Gleeson, L. (1997). Poultry virus infection in Antarctic penguins. Nature, 387, 245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glatz, R. E., Lepp, P. W., Ward, B. B., & Francis, C. A. (2006). Planktonic microbial community composition across steep physical/chemical gradients in permanently ice-covered Lake Bonney, Antarctica. Geobiology, 4, 53–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, A. R., Kattenbelt, J. A., Selleck, P., Hansson, E., Della-Porta, A., et al. (2001). Virulent Newcastle disease in Australia: Molecular epidemiological analysis of viruses isolated prior to and during the outbreaks of 1998–2000. Virus Research, 77, 51–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, N. J., Takekawa, J. Y., Cardona, C. J., Meixell, B. W., Ackerman, J. T., et al. (2012). Cross-seasonal patterns of avian influenza virus in breeding and wintering migratory birds: A flyway perspective. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 12, 243–253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, A. C., Hansbro, P. M., Selleck, P., Olsen, B., Minton, et al. (2006). Isolation of avian influenza viruses from two different transhemispheric migratory shorebird species in Australia. Archives of Virology, 151, 2301–2309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, A. C., Vijaykrishna, D., Butler, J., Baas, C., Maurer-Stroh, S., et al. (2014). Detection of evolutionarily distinct avian influenza a viruses in Antarctica. MBio, 5(3), e01098–e01040.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, A. C., Su, Y. C., Aban, M., Peck, H., Lau, H., et al. (2016). Evidence for the introduction, reassortment, and persistence of diverse influenza a viruses in Antarctica. Journal of Virology, 90, 9674–9682.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Junglen, S., Korries, M., Grasse, W., Wieseler, J., & Kopp, A. (2017). Host range restriction of insect-specific flaviviruses occurs at several levels of the viral life cycle. mSphere, 2, e00375–e00316. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00375-16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kerry, K., Irvine, L., Beggs, A., & Watts, J. (2009). An unusual mortality event among Adélie penguins in the vicinity of Mawson Station, Antarctica. In Health of Antarctic wildlife (pp. 107–112). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H., & Samal, S. K. (2016). Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine vector for development of human and veterinary vaccines. Viruses, 8, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8070183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klema, V. J., Padmanabhan, R., & Choi, K. H. (2015). Flaviviral replication complex: Coordination between RNA synthesis and 5′-RNA capping. Viruses, 7, 4640–4656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, M., Peter, H. U., Mustafa, O., Lisovski, S., Ritz, M. S., et al. (2011). South polar skuas from a single breeding population overwinter in different oceans though show similar migration patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 435, 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, S., Walker, D., Pryor, S. P., Niles, L., Chenghong, L., et al. (2004). Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 4, 177–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy, S. R., & Wang, D. (2017). Origins and challenges of viral dark matter. Virus Research, 239, 136–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbholz, A., Groth, M., Esefeld, J., Peter, H. U., & Zell, R. (2017). Genome sequence of a novel Picorna-like RNA virus from feces of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). Genome Announcement, 5(36), e01001–e01017. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01001-17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Linn, M., Gardner, J., Warrilow, D., Darnell, G. A., McMahon, C. R., et al. (2001). Arbovirus of marine mammals: A new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, Lepidophthirus macrorhini. Journal of Virology, 75, 4103–4109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, R. A., & Kolakofsky, D. (2001). Paramyxoviridae: The viruses and their replication. In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, & P. M. Howley (Eds.), Virology (pp. 1305–1340). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, A. S., Rise, M. L., Culley, A. I., & Steward, G. F. (2009). RNA viruses in the sea. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 33, 295–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langstaff, I. G., McKenzie, J. S., Stanislawek, W. L., Reed, C. E., et al. (2009). Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in migratory shorebirds at the terminus of the East Asian-Australasian flyway. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 57, 160–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laws, R. M., & Taylor, R. (1957). A mass dying of crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus (gray). Journal of Zoology, 129, 315–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Bueno, A., Rastrojo, A., Peiró, R., Arenas, M., & Alcamí, A. (2015). Ecological connectivity shapes quasispecies structure of RNA viruses in an Antarctic lake. Molecular Ecology, 24, 4812–4825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, D. M., & Conroy, J. W. H. (1971). Virus disease resembling puffinosis in the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua). British Antarctica Survey Bulletin, 60, 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, L., Linn, M. L., Slade, R. W., Schroder, W. A., Hyatt, A. D., et al. (2009). Ticks associated with Macquarie island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera. PLoS One, 4, e4375.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, R. (2009). Health assessment and diseases of the Weddell seal, Leptonochotes Weddelli, in Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. In Health of Antarctic wildlife (pp. 139–166). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. D., Watts, J. M., & Shellam, G. R. (2008). Viral antibodies in south polar skuas around Davis Station, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 20, 455–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., Afonso, C. L., Spackman, E., Scott, M. A., Pedersen, J. C., et al. (2010). Evidence for a new avian paramyxovirus serotype 10 detected in rockhopper penguins from the Falkland Islands. Journal of Virology, 84, 11496–11504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J. A., Culley, A. I., Schvarcz, C. R., & Steward, G. F. (2016). RNA viruses as major contributors to Antarctic virioplankton. Environmental Microbiology, 18, 3714–3727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moline, M. A., Claustre, H., Frazer, T. K., Schofield, O., & Vernet, M. (2004). Alteration of the food web along the Antarctic Peninsula in response to a regional warming trend. Global Change Biology, 10, 1973–1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moratorio, G., Iriarte, A., Moreno, P., Musto, H., & Cristina, J. (2013). A detailed comparative analysis on the overall codon usage patterns in West Nile virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 14, 396–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. R., & Westbury, H. A. (1981). Virological studies of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) in Antarctica. Avian Diseases, 25, 1019–1026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. R., & Westbury, H. A. (1988). Studies of viruses in penguins in the Vestfold Hills. Hydrobiologia, 165, 263–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, I. R., Westbury, H. A., Caple, I. W., & Campbell, J. (1981). A survey of virus infection in sub-antarctic penguins on Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean. Australian Veterinary Journal, 57, 333–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munster, V. J., Baas, C., Lexmond, P., Waldenström, J., Wallensten, A., et al. (2007). Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathogens, 3, e61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. C. (1936). The oceanic birds of South America. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neira, V., Tapia, R., Verdugo, C., Barriga, G., Mor, S., et al. (2017). Novel avulaviruses in penguins, Antarctica. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23, 1212–1121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, G., Brownlee, G. G., Fodor, E., & Kawaoka, Y. (2004). Orthomyxovirus replication, transcription, and polyadenylation. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 283, 121–143.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, B., Munster, V. J., Wallensten, A., Waldenström, J., Osterhaus, A. D., et al. (2006). Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science, 312, 384–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perales C, Lorenzo-Redondo R, López-Galíndez C, Martínez MA, Domingo E (2010) Mutant spectra in virus behavior. Future Virology 5. https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl.10.61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polischuk, V., Budzanivska, I., Shevchenko, T., & Oliynik, S. (2007). Evidence for plant viruses in the region of Argentina Islands, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 59, 409–417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, L. W., Bjørnstad, O. N., & Holmes, E. C. (2008). The evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66, 98–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Power, A., Huang, H., Roehrig, J., Strauss, E., & Weaver, S. (2017). Togaviridae. In J. N. Maclachlan, E. J. Dubovi, S. W. Barthold, D. F. Swayne, & J. R. Winton (Eds.), Fenner’s veterinary virology (pp. 511–524). Boston: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priscu, J. C., Fritsen, C. H., Adams, E. E., Giovannoni, S. J., Paerl, H. W., et al. (1998). Perennial Antarctic lake ice: An oasis for life in a polar desert. Science, 280, 2095–2098.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, A., Fajardo, A., Moros, Z., Gerder, M., Caraballo, G., et al. (2010). Evolution of dengue virus type 3 genotype III in Venezuela: Diversification, rates and population dynamics. Virology Journal, 7, 329.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastrojo, A., & Alcamí, A. (2018). Viruses in polar lake and soil ecosystems. Advances in Virus Research, 101, 39–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanjuán, R. (2012). From molecular genetics to phylodynamics: Evolutionary relevance of mutation rates across viruses. PLoS Pathogens, 8, e1002685.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholthof, K. B., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., et al. (2011). Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12, 938–954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Selleck, P. W., Arzey, G., Kirkland, P. D., Reece, R. L., Gould, A. R., et al. (2003). An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Australia in 1997 caused by an H7N4 virus. Avian Diseases, 47, 806–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senne, D. A. (2007). Avian influenza in North and South America, 2002–2005. Avian Diseases, 51, 167–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senne, D. A., Panigrahy, B., Kawaoka, Y., Pearson, J. E., Süss, J., et al. (1996). Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: Amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Diseases, 40, 425–437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, M., Lin, X. D., Tian, J. H., Chen, L. J., Chen, X., et al. (2016). Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. Nature, 540, 539–543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siniff, D. B., Garrott, R. A., Rotella, J. J., Fraser, W. R., & Ainley, D. G. (2008). Opinion: Projecting the effects of environmental change on Antarctic seals. Antarctic Science, 20, 425–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smeele, Z. E., Ainley, D. G., & Varsani, A. (2018). Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing. Virus Research, 243, 91–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soñora, M., Moreno, P., Echeverría, N., Fischer, S., Comas, V., et al. (2015). An evolutionary insight into Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Antarctica. Archives of Virology, 160, 1893–1900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenvers, O., Plötz, J., & Ludwig, H. (1992). Antarctic seals carry antibodies against seal herpesvirus. Archives of Virology, 123, 421–424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steward, G. F., Culley, A. I., Mueller, J. A., Wood-Charlson, E. M., et al. (2013). Are we missing half of the viruses in the ocean? The ISME Journal, 7, 672–679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taubenberger, J. K., & Kash, J. C. (2010). Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation. Cell Host and Microbe, 7, 440–451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomazelli, L. M., Araujo, J., Oliveira, D. B., Sanfilippo, L., Ferreira, C. S., et al. (2010). Newcastle disease virus in penguins from King George Island on the Antarctic region. Veterinary Microbiology, 146, 155–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vignuzzi, M., Stone, J. K., Arnold, J. J., Cameron, C. E., & Andino, R. (2006). Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population. Nature, 439, 344–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallensten, A., Munster, V. J., Osterhaus, A. D., Waldenstr, J., & Bonnedahl, J. (2006). Mounting evidence for the presence of influenza A virus in the avifauna of the Antarctic region. Antarctic Science, 18, 353–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, J. M., Miller, G. D., & Shellam, G. R. (2009). Infectious bursal disease virus and Antarctic birds. In K. R. Kerry & M. Riddle (Eds.), Health of Antarctic wildlife (pp. 95–105). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. D. (1995). The Penguins: Spheniscidae, 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. F., Neumann, G., & Kawaoka, Y. (2007). Orthomyxoviruses. In D. M. Knipe & P. M. Howley (Eds.), Fields virology (Vol. 2, 5th ed., pp. 1691–1740). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, S., Paldurai, A., Nayak, B., Mirande, A., Collins, P. L., et al. (2013). Complete genome sequence of a highly virulent Newcastle disease virus currently circulating in Mexico. Genome Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00177-12.

  • Zhang, X., Yao, T., Ma, X., & Wang, N. (2001). Analysis of the characteristics of microorganisms packed in the ice core of Malan Glacier, Tibet. Science in China Series D, 44, 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Jia, R., Shen, H., Wang, M., Yin, Z., et al. (2017). Structures and functions of the envelope glycoprotein in Flavivirus infections. Viruses, 9, E338. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9110338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

JC acknowledge the support from Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Cientifica (CSIC), through CSIC Grupos program, and PEDECIBA, Universidad de la República. I also acknowledge the support from Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII) and Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Uruguay.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CIN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Juan Cristina

Authors
  1. Juan Cristina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan Cristina .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Susana Castro-Sowinski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cristina, J. (2019). Molecular Biology of RNA Viruses Isolated in Antarctica. In: Castro-Sowinski, S. (eds) The Ecological Role of Micro-organisms in the Antarctic Environment. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02786-5_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation