Pre-History: Emergence and Palaeolithic to Bronze Age—10,000 BC to 800 BC

Ramesh, Sangaralingam

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_3

Sangaralingam Ramesh²

504 Accesses

Abstract

Shrew-like creatures that lived around 150 million years ago are the ancestors of humans and mammals. According to the latter, aquatic worms that lived over 600 million years ago are the ancestors of all amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes. Furthermore, the bacteria-like organisms that lived over 3 billion years ago are the ‘parents’ of all living plants and animals. The theory of evolution suggests that creatures evolve and acquire anatomical features and behaviours over time in response to their environment, as a means of adaptation, through processes associated with the biological pathways of genetic change.

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Notes

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149.
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150.
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156.
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Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
158.
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159.
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161.
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163.
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164.
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165.
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166.
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167.
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168.
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169.
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170.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
171.
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172.
Ibid.
173.
Ibid.
174.
Ibid.
175.
Ibid.
176.
Ibid.
177.
Ibid.
178.
Robinson, A. (2015), The Indus: Lost Civilisations, Reaktion Books, London.
179.
Sen, B. (2011), Smart Green Civilisations: Indus Valley: Green Lessons from The Past, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
180.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
181.
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182.
Agrawal, D. (2007), The Indus Civilisation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Aryan Books International.
183.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
184.
Ibid.
185.
Ibid.
186.
Ibid.
187.
Ibid.
188.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
189.
Ibid.
190.
Perkins, D. (1999), Encyclopaedia of China: History and Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, New York, USA.
191.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
192.
Li, X., G. Harbottle, J. Zhang, and C. Wang. (2003), The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China. Antiquity 77 (295): 31–44.
193.
Moore, O. (2000), Reading the Past: Chinese, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
194.
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195.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
196.
Ibid. Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
197.
Perkins, D. (1999), Encyclopaedia of China: History and Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, New York, USA.
198.
Yinke, D. (2010), Ancient Chinese Civilisations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
199.
The Editorial Committee of Chinese Civilisation. (2007), China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilisation, City University of Hong Kong.
200.
Ibid.
201.
Ibid.
202.
Ibid.
203.
Yinke, D. (2010), Ancient Chinese Civilisations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
204.
Ibid.
205.
Ibid.
206.
Liu, Li. (2004), The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
207.
Ibid.
208.
Ibid.
209.
Dematte, P. (1999), Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China, Asian Perspectives, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 119–153.
210.
Ibid.
211.
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Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, Oxford, UK
Sangaralingam Ramesh

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Ramesh, S. (2018). Pre-History: Emergence and Palaeolithic to Bronze Age—10,000 BC to 800 BC. In: The Rise of Empires. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_3
Published: 12 November 2018
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