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JSF and the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey

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Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter

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Abstract

This chapter summarizes work findings stressing the JSF’s economic cost, the complexity of US defense acquisition policy, and the global extent of the JSF’s industrial base. This chapter contends that China and Russia are modernizing their jet fighter fleets and seeking to keep the United States and its allies from having access to the skies in geographically contingent regions. This chapter emphasizes the increasing age of the US jet fighter fleet, documents positive performance attributes of the JSF by an international variety of pilots, stresses that there are combat missions which can be performed only by piloted military aircraft instead of UAVs, urges the United States to revitalize its Defense Science and Technology industrial base against emerging international technological expertise, and advocates that the United States and its allies continue deploying the JSF to address emerging international military aerospace threats.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Giles Scott-Smith and Max Smeets, “Noblesse Oblige: The Transatlantic Security Dynamic and Dutch Involvement in the Joint Strike Fighter Program,” International Journal, 68 (1) (Winter 2012–13): 49–51; https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201306800105; and Zachary Cohen, “U.S. F-35 Fighter Jets Arrive in Japan Ahead of Trump Visit,” CNN Politics (October 31, 2017): 1–4; http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/31/politics/us-f-35-fighter-jets-arrive-japan/index.html; accessed January 4, 2018.

  2. 2.

    Ibid., 53.

  3. 3.

    Ibid., 51–66.

  4. 4.

    Douglas Barrie, “Dutch JSF Deal a Blow to European Fighters,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 156 (7) (February 18, 2002): 26–27.

  5. 5.

    Michael Mecham, “Industry Outlook,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 159 (14) (October 6, 2003): 27.

  6. 6.

    “The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 165 (11) (September 18, 2006): 57.

  7. 7.

    See “The Dutch Government Says,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 165 (14) (October 9, 2006): 77; and Barrie, “Lightning Strike,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 165 (20) (November 20, 2006): 99.

  8. 8.

    Matt Bassford, Maarten van den Voort, et al., The Netherlands F-16 Comparative Analysis: An Evaluation of the Process (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation 2008): 17–18, 22, 24–25, 35, 44; http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR656.pdf; accessed April 18, 2017.

  9. 9.

    Netherlands, Court of Audit, Joint Strike Fighter Exit Costs (The Hague: Court of Audit, 2012): 17–18, 20–22; https://english.rekenkamer.nl/binaries/rekenkamer-english/documents/reports/2012/10/24/cost-of-withdrawing-from-the-joint-strike-force-programme/Report+JSF+met+cover.pdf; accessed January 4, 2018.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., 23–32.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., Validation of the Policy Document ‘In the Interests of the Netherlands” (The Hague: Court of Audit, 2013): 26, 30; https://english.rekenkamer.nl/binaries/rekenkamer-english/documents/reports/2013/09/19/validation-of-the-policy-document-in-the-interests-of-the-netherlands/Report+Validation+of+the+policy+document+In+the+Interests+of+the+Netherlands.pdf; accessed March 13, 2017.

  12. 12.

    Tony Osborne and Amy Butler, “Difficult Choices,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 175 (33) (September 23, 2013): 34.

  13. 13.

    Anno Gravemaker, “Dutch Parliament Approves First F-35 Production Order,” Flightglobal (March 3, 2015): 1; http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dutch-parliament-approves-first-f-35-production-order-409673/; accessed April 17, 2017.

  14. 14.

    See Netherlands, House of Representatives, “F-35/JSF” (The Hague: House of Representatives, 2016): 1–2; https://www.houseofrepresentatives.nl/dossiers/f-35jsf; accessed April 18, 2017; Netherlands Aerospace Centre, “Hardened Aircraft Shelters in the Netherlands Suitable for F-35 Aircraft” (Amsterdam: Netherlands Aerospace Centre, 2016): 1–2; http://www.nlr.org/news/hardened-aircraft-shelters-on-air-force-bases-in-the-netherlands-suitable-for-f-35-aircraft/; accessed April 23, 2017; and “European Leaders Breathe Easier as Rutte Routs Wilders,” Deutsche Welle (March 16, 2017): 1–4; http://www.dw.com/en/european-leaders-breathe-easier-as-rutte-routs-wilders/a-37957091; accessed April 23, 2017.

  15. 15.

    Janene Pieters, “Dutch Gov’t Maybe Can’t Afford Last Three JSF Fighter Jets,” NL Times (November 30, 2017): 1; https://nltimes.nl/2017/11/30/dutch-govt-maybe-cant-afford-last-three-jsf-fighter-jets; accessed January 4, 2018.

  16. 16.

    See Netherlands, Ministry of Defence, “Director of F-35 Programme: Price of F-35 to Fall” (The Hague: Ministry of Defence (January 15, 2015): 1–2; http://www.defensie.nl/english/latest/news/2015/01/15/director-of-f-35-programme-%E2%80%98price-of-f-35-to-fall%E2%80%99; accessed April 18, 2017; and U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Industrial Policy, JSF International Industrial Participation: A Study of Country Approaches and Financial Impacts on Foreign Suppliers (Washington, DC: DOD, 2003): D-1 to D-15; http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps61713/Acr9B.tmp.pdf; accessed April 18, 2017.

  17. 17.

    Ringsmose, 99.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    See Ibid., 100–101; Joris Janssen Lok, “Growing the Gripen,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 68 (26) (June 30, 2008): 42–43; “Norway Rejects Gripen, Stays With F35 JSF,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 169 (20) (November 24, 2008): 16; and Norway, HM The King’s Report to the Storting on the State of the Realm and the Administration of the Government During the Period Since the Previous Report (Oslo: Norwegian Government, October 15, 2009): 15; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/hm-the-kings-report-to-the-storting-on-t/id579235/; accessed April 20, 2017.

  20. 20.

    “Competitive Pressure,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 174 (8) (February 27, 2012): 29.

  21. 21.

    Robert Wall, “Joining Up,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 174 (12) (April 2, 2012): 40.

  22. 22.

    Norway, Ministry of Defence, Norway Releases New Defence Plan; Emphasises Improved Operational Capability, Personnel and Updated F-35 Procurement Schedule (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, March 23, 2012): 3–4; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-releases-new-defence-white-paper-/id676237/; accessed April 20, 2017.

  23. 23.

    Norway, Ministry of Defence, The F-35 Combat Aircraft: Important to “Keep up the Good Progress” (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, January 20, 2014): 1–3; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-f-35-combat-aircraft-important-to-ke/id748968/; accessed April 20, 2017.

  24. 24.

    See Ibid., Government Proposes 3.4% Defence Budget Increase in 2015 (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, October 13, 2014): 1–4; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Proposing-34-Defence-Budget-Increase-in-2015/id2005697/; accessed April 20, 2017; and Ibid., Future Acquisitions for the Norwegian Armed Forces 2015–2023 (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, 2015): 6–7; https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/fd/dokumenter/rapporter-og-regelverk/acquisitions-2015-2023.pdf; accessed April 20, 2017.

  25. 25.

    Lockheed Martin, “Weight on Wheels” for Norwegian Armed Forces’ First F-35” (Fort Worth: Lockheed Martin, April 16, 2015): 3; https://www.f35.com/news/detail/weight-on-wheels-for-norwegian-armed-forces-first-f-35; accessed April 20, 2017.

  26. 26.

    See Sigurd Neubauer, Norway, the Joint Strike Fighter Program and Its Implications for Transatlantic Defense Cooperation (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2015): 1–2; https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/195614/NUPI_Policy_Brief_27_15_Sigurd_Neubauer.pdf; accessed April 20, 2017; and Kyle Mizokami, “F-35 Friendly Norwegian Strike Missile Tested Over Utah,” Popular Mechanics (December 22, 2016): 1–2; http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a24459/norwegian-strike-missile-tested-over-utah/; accessed April 20, 2017.

  27. 27.

    See Norway, Ministry of Defence, “Army Summit 2016 - Defence Minister Ine Eriksen Søreide’s Opening Remarks” (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, September 20, 2016): 3, 5; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/army-summit-2016%2D%2D-defence-minister-ine-eriksen-soreides-opening-remarks/id2511838/; accessed April 20, 2017; and Ibid., Capable and Sustainable: Long-Term Defence Plan (Oslo: Ministry of Defence, June 20, 2016): 7; https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/fd/dokumenter/rapporter-og-regelverk/capable-and-sustainable-ltp-english-brochure%2D%2D-print.pdf; accessed April 20, 2017.

  28. 28.

    Norway, Prime Minister Erna Solberg, “The Arrival in Norway of the First F-35 Lightning II Jets” (Oslo: Office of the Prime Minister, November 10, 2017): 1–3; https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-arrival-in-norway-of-the-first-f-35-lightning-ii-jets/id2578604/; accessed January 4, 2018.

  29. 29.

    See Promising the Sky, 14, 18; Lockheed-Martin, “Norway F-35 Partnership” (2015): 1–2; https://www.f35.com/global/participation/norway; accessed April 20, 2017; Ibid., “First F-35 for Norway Progressing Towards Delivery” (February 6, 2015): 1–2; https://www.f35.com/news/detail/first-f-35a-for-norway-progressing-towards-delivery; accessed April 20, 2017; and Ibid., “Lockheed Martin F-35A Icy Runway Testing for Norwegian Drag Chute Underway in Alaska” (November 27, 2017): 5–7; https://www.f35.com/news/detail/lockheed-martin-f-35a-icy-runway-testing-for-norwegian-drag-chute-underway; accessed January 4, 2018.

  30. 30.

    See Kelvin Wong, F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: Singapore’s Next-Generation Fighter? (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2013): 1–2; http://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CO13048.pdf; accessed April 21, 2017; and Singapore, Ministry of Defence, “Speech by Minister for Defence Dr. Ng Eng Hen at the Committee of Supply Date 2013” (Singapore: Ministry of Defence, 2013): 2.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., Koh Eng Beng, “Integrated Strike Exercise Adds Thinking Enemy” (Singapore: Ministry of Defence, 2013): 1–2; https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resourcelibrary/cyberpioneer/topics/articles/news/2013/dec/11dec13_news.html#.WMgYgIWcF9A; accessed April 21, 2017.

  32. 32.

    Singapore Ministry of Finance, Budget: Revenue and Expenditure Estimates (Singapore: Ministry of Finance, 2017): 63–66; https://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2017/download/25%20MINDEF%202017.pdf; accessed June 11, 2018.

  33. 33.

    The Global Arms Industry in 2030 (And Beyond) (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2014): 22; http://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ER150123_Global_Arms_Industry.pdf; accessed April 21, 2017.

  34. 34.

    Nigel Pittaway, “U.S. Program Chief: Singapore Nearing F-35 Buy,” Defense News (February 25, 2015): 1–2; http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/show-daily/avalon/2015/02/24/avalon-australia-f35-fms-bogdan-deeble-singapore/23927983/; accessed April 21, 2017.

  35. 35.

    Sreekanth Shankar, James Phang, Ng Guo Feng, and Tan Peng Yu, “Sustaining a Strong and Capable RSAF for the Future,” Pointer 2016 Supplement, 16; https://www.mindef.gov.sg/content/dam/imindef_media_library/graphics/pointer/PDF/2016/af-supp2016/af-supp2016_full.pdf; accessed April 21, 2017.

  36. 36.

    See Aaron Mehta, “Singapore Eyes F-35 for 2030 Time Frame,” Defense News (October 3, 2016): 1; https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/10/03/singapore-eyes-f-35-for-2030-time-frame/; accessed June 11, 2018; and Singapore Budget, Summary Table of Revenues and Expenditure Estimates: Total Estimates Outlays for FY 2017 By Head of Expenditure (Singapore: Singapore Budget 2017): 5; https://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2017/download/05%20Government%20Expenditure%202017.pdf; accessed June 11, 2018.

  37. 37.

    See Singapore, Economic Development Board, Aerospace Engineering Singapore (Singapore: Economic Development Board, 2017): 1–2; https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/industries/industries/aerospace-engineering.html; accessed April 21, 2017; and Ibid., Aerospace: Singapore-Asia’s Aerospace Hub (Singapore: Economic Development Board, 2017): 2–4; https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb/en/resources/factsheetsnew/Aerospace-Engineering.pdf; accessed April 21, 2017.

  38. 38.

    See Bradley Perrett, “High Anxiety,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 173 (20) (June 6, 2011): 20; and David Hay, Japan’s Strategic Re-Posture: Prime Minister Abe and the Implications for the Japan-US Alliance and Regional Security (Canberra: Australian Defence College, Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies, 2014): 12; http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Hay%20final%20paper%20(2).pdf; accessed May 24, 2017.

  39. 39.

    See Ibid.; and South Korea, Ministry of National Defense, 2012 Defense White Paper (Seoul: Ministry of National Defense, 2012); http://www.mnd.go.kr/cop/pblictn/selectPublicationUser.do?siteId=mndEN&componentId=51&categoryId=0&publicationSeq=585&pageIndex=1&id=mndEN_031300000000; accessed May 24, 2017.

  40. 40.

    Perrett, “Another KF-X Enemy,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 175 (6) (February 18, 2013): 23.

  41. 41.

    See U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency, “Korea-F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft” (Washington, DC: DSCA, April 3, 2013): 1–2; http://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/mas/korea_13-10_0.pdf; accessed May 24, 2017.

  42. 42.

    See Perrett and Amy Butler, “Seoul Survivor,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 175 (34) (September 30, 2013): 28; and Sebastian Sobolev, “F-35 Back in the Fight for South Korea’s FX-III Competition,” Avascent Analytics Blog (September 24, 2013): 1–2; http://www.avascent.com/2013/09/f-35-back-in-the-fight/; accessed May 24, 2017.

  43. 43.

    See Joyce Lee, “South Korea Boosts Air Defenses With About $6.8 Billion Budget for F-35s,” Reuters (March 24, 2014): 1–3; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-jets-idUSBREA2N07220140324; accessed May 24, 2017; Zachary Keck, “South Korea to Purchase F-35s,” The Diplomat (March 25, 2014): 1; http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/south-korea-to-purchase-f-35s/; accessed May 24, 2017; Keck, “America’s Air-Sea Battle Plan in Korea,” The Diplomat (June 20, 2014): 1–2; http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/americas-air-sea-battle-plan-in-korea/; accessed May 24, 2017; and South Korea, Ministry of National Defense, 2014 Defense White Paper (Seoul: Ministry of National Defense, 2014): 49–55; http://www.mnd.go.kr/cop/pblictn/selectPublicationUser.do?siteId=mndEN&componentId=51&categoryId=0&publicationSeq=689&pageIndex=1&id=mndEN_031300000000; accessed May 24, 2017.

  44. 44.

    Cho Nam Hoon, “Status of the 2017 ROK Defense Budget and Its Implications,” ROK Angle: Korea’s Defense Policy #147, www.kida.re.kr/cmm/viewBoardImageFile.do?idx=21723; accessed May 24, 2017.

  45. 45.

    See Jeff Daniels, “South Korea, Japan May Put the F-35B Stealth Fighter on Combat-Capable Ships,” CNBC (December 28, 2017): 1–4; https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/28/south-korea-japan-may-put-f-35b-stealth-jets-on-combat-capable-ships.html; accessed January 4, 2018; and Taehon Lee, James Griffith, and Joshua Berlinger, “U.S. Fighter Jets Stage Mock Bombing Drill Over Korean Peninsula,” CNN Politics (August 31, 2017): 1–5; http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/31/politics/us-bombers-korean-peninsula/index.html; accessed January 4, 2018.

  46. 46.

    U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, “Leading Sectors for U.S. Export Investment: Aerospace Industry” (Washington, DC: International Trade Administration, 2016): 1–3; https://www.export.gov/article?id=Korea-Aerospace-Industry; accessed May 24, 2017; and Korea Aerospace Industries Association, Korea Aerospace Industry 2015 (Seoul: Korea Aerospace Industries Association, 2015): 4–7; http://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/28150507103312/28150507103312_3.pdf; accessed May 24, 2017.

  47. 47.

    Korea Aerospace Industry 2015, 32–51.

  48. 48.

    Lianna Nicole Faruolo, An Update on the Taiwan Defense Situation (2011–2012) (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office, 2012): 7.

  49. 49.

    See Taiwan, Air Force Command Headquarters, “History” (Taipei: Air Force Command Headquarters, February 24, 2017): 1; http://air.mnd.gov.tw/english/Webpage.aspx?entry=354; accessed June 5, 2017; Kent Wang, “Why The U.S. Should Sell Advanced Fighters to Taiwan,” The Diplomat (January 10, 2014): 1; http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/why-the-us-should-sell-advanced-fighters-to-taiwan/; accessed June 5, 2017; and Shannon Tiezzi, “Why the U.S. Will Not Sell Advanced Fighters to Taiwan,” The Diplomat (January 11, 2014): 1; http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/why-the-us-will-not-sell-advanced-fighters-to-taiwan/; accessed June 5, 2017.

  50. 50.

    U.S. Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China (Washington, DC: DOD, 2016): 109; https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2016%20China%20Military%20Power%20Report.pdf; accessed June 5, 2017.

  51. 51.

    Ibid., 87–91; Public Law 96–8, “Taiwan Relations Act,” 93 U.S. Statutes at Large, 14–21; https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-93/pdf/STATUTE-93-Pg14.pdf; accessed January 4, 2018; Dennis V. Hickey, “Dilemmas for US Strategy: Imbalance in the Taiwan Strait,” Parameters, 43 (3) (Autumn 2013): 43–53; Dean Cheng, “Getting Serious About Taiwan’s Air Power Needs” (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2011): http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/10/getting-serious-about-taiwans-air-power-needs; accessed June 5, 2017; and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Military Expenditure Database (Stockholm: SIPRI, 2017): https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRI-Milex-data-1988-2015.xlsx; accessed June 5, 2017.

  52. 52.

    “Taiwan Still Hopes to Buy F-35 Fighters from U.S.: Defense Official,” Pacific Sentinel (August 21, 2014): 1–2; http://pacificsentinel.blogspot.de/2014/08/news-story-taiwan-still-hopes-to-buy-f.html; accessed March 24, 2017.

  53. 53.

    Andrew T.H. Tan, “The Implications of Taiwan’s Declining Defense,” Asia-Pacific Review, 21 (1) (2014): 41–62; https://doi.org/10.1080/134390006.2014.921125.

  54. 54.

    Taiwan, Ministry of National Defense, National Defense Report 2015 (Taipei: Ministry of National Defense, 2015): 25, 41–42, 52, 68, 78, 121; https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/article/attachments/taiwan-2015-national-defense-report.pdf; accessed June 11, 2018.

  55. 55.

    See Elizabeth Shim, “Taiwan Developing Next-Generation Fighter Jets, Defense Minister Says,” UPI (January 24, 2017): 2–4; http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/01/24/Taiwan-developing-next-generation-fighter-jets-defense-minister-says/9431485284790/; accessed June 5, 2017; and Yen Wong and Kent Wang, “Sell Advanced Fighters to Taiwan,” The Hill (February 11, 2017): 1–2; http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/318994-sell-advanced-fighters-to-taiwan; accessed June 5, 2017.

  56. 56.

    Franz-Stefan Gady, “Taiwan Pushes for Sale of F-35 Fighter Jets,” The Diplomat (May 3, 2017): 1–2; https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/taiwan-pushes-for-sale-of-f-35-fighter-jets/; accessed January 4, 2018.

  57. 57.

    Pei-Leen Liu, “The Development of a Military Aircraft Industry for Latecomers: The Case of Taiwan,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 26 (1) (March 2014): 97–116.

  58. 58.

    Tim Ferry, “Taiwan’s Aviation Industry: Readying for Takeoff” (Taipei: American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, December 16, 2015): 1–5; http://topics.amcham.com.tw/2015/12/taiwans-aviation-industry-readying-for-takeoff/; accessed June 5, 2017.

  59. 59.

    Taiwan, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Department of Statistics, Economic Indicators: B-6 Export by Commodity (Taipei: Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2018): 9; https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/main/content/wHandMenuFile.ashx?file_id=18159; accessed June 11, 2018; and Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2015 (Taipei: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Republic of China, 2016): 16; http://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/610281138403HCL2D3O.pdf; accessed June 5, 2017; and Ferry, 2.

  60. 60.

    Taiwan Aerospace Industry Association, Member Product (Taipei: Taiwan Aerospace Industry Association, 2015): 1–6; http://www.taia.org.tw/en/product.asp; accessed June 5, 2017.

  61. 61.

    See Serhat Güvenҫ and Lerna K. Yanik, “Turkey’s Involvement in the F-35 Program: One Step Forward, Two Steps Backward?,” International Journal, 68 (1) (Winter 2012–13): 119–120; https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201306800108; and U.S. Department of Defense, “American Turkish Council: Remarks as Delivered by Secretary of Defense, William S. Cohen, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Washington, DC, March 31, 2000” (Washington, DC: DOD, 2000): 1–2; http://archive.defense.gov/Speeches/Speech.aspx?SpeechID=549; accessed June 6, 2017.

  62. 62.

    U.S. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series 02-810, Defense Joint Strike Fighter Program: Agreement Between the United States of America and Turkey Supplementing the Memorandum of Understanding of January 17, 2001 (Washington, DC: Department of State, 2013): 5–7, 10; http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo39157; accessed June 6, 2017.

  63. 63.

    Güvenҫ and Yanik, 120–123.

  64. 64.

    Ibid., 123–124.

  65. 65.

    See Robert Wall, “SOM Strides,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 173 (33) (September 19, 2011): 43; Tony Osborne, “Anatolian Ambitions,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 175 (19) (June 10, 2013): 48; U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2016): https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265694.pdf; accessed June 6, 2017; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats, The Future of Turkish Democracy (Washington, DC: GPO, 2014); http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo52563; accessed June 6, 2017; Arthur I. Cyr, “Turkey’s Continuing Role as a Pivotal Ally in a Rapidly Changing Region,” Orbis, 59 (2) (2015): 215–232; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.001; and Güvenҫ and Yanik, 127–129.

  66. 66.

    Lockheed Martin, “Turkey to Order Four More F-35 Fighter Jets” (Fort Worth: Lockheed-Martin, January 7, 2015): 1; https://www.f35.com/news/detail/turkey-to-order-four-more-f-35-fighter-jets; accessed June 6, 2017.

  67. 67.

    “Despite Tensions With U.S. Lockheed Prepares to Hand Over F-35s to Turkey,” Sputnik News (July 20, 2016): 1–3; https://sputniknews.com/military/201607201043363472-turkey-coup-f-35s/; accessed June 6, 2017; Lara Sigelman and James Drew, “Tumult in Turkey Puts F-35 at Risk,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 178 (15) (July 25, 2016): 1; and Burak Ege Bekdil, “Turkey to Order New F-35 Lightning II Jets,” Defense News (October 31, 2016): 1–2; http://www.defensenews.com/articles/turkey-to-place-new-f-35-order; accessed June 6, 2017.

  68. 68.

    See Vivienne Machi, “Turkish Missile Could be Integrated on F-35,” National Defense (December 15, 2017): 1–3; http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2017/12/15/turkish-missile-could-be-integrated-on-f35; accessed January 4, 2018; Michael Rubin, “Can Turkey Be Trusted with F-35s?,” Commentary (July 20, 2017): 1–2; https://www.commentarymagazine.com/foreign-policy/middle-east/turkey/can-turkey-be-trusted-with-f-35s/; accessed January 4, 2018; and H.R. 5515: National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2019, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-115hr5515eh/pdf/BILLS-115hr5515eh.pdf; 987–990; accessed August 14, 2018.

  69. 69.

    See U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency, “News Release: Turkey—Joint Direct Attack Munitions (Corrected)” (Washington, DC: DSCA, December 7, 2015): 1–2; http://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/mas/turkey_14-01_corrected.pdf; accessed June 6, 2017; and Lockheed-Martin, “F-35 Lightning II: Turkey Industrial Participation” (Fort Worth: Lockheed-Martin, 2015): 1–2; https://www.f35.com/global/participation/turkey-industrial-participation; accessed June 6, 2017.

  70. 70.

    See Raphael S. Cohen, and Gabriel M. Scheinmann, “Can Europe Fill the Void in U.S. Military Leadership?,” Orbis, 58 (1) (Winter 2014): 39–54; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2013.11.002; Jason Reifler, Harold D. Clarke, et al. “Prudence, Principle and Minimal Heuristics: British Public Opinion Toward the Use of Military Force in Afghanistan and Libya,” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16 (1) (February 2014): 28–55; https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12009; Eric S. Lin, Hamid E. Ali, and Yu-Ling Lu, “Does Military Spending Crowd Out Social Welfare Expenditures?: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries,” Defense and Peace Economics, 26 (1) (2015): 33–48; https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848576; and Bastien Irondelle, Frédéric Mérand, and Martial Foucault, “Public Support for European Defence: Does Strategic Culture Matter?,” European Journal of Political Research, 54 (2) (May 2015): 363–383; https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12090.

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    Bert Chapman

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Chapman, B. (2019). JSF and the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey. In: Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01367-7_9

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