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History of Jet Fighters

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Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter

Abstract

This chapter provides a historical overview of jet fighters’ technological development and evolution, placing particular emphasis on generational development of these weapons from the first through fifth generations of these aircraft. Detailed information on the technological capabilities of these planes is provided along with their armament, financial costs in recent US dollars, and speed. Chapter contents also feature manufacturer information including US aerospace industry consolidation, countries using these aircraft, when they were used, and discussion of how these countries have sought to develop their aerospace industries to produce jet fighters for their militaries and approved international military markets.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See J.D. Kenneth Boutin, “Appendix 1: Key Defense-Industrial and Arms Trade Related Terms,” in Richard A. Bitzinger, ed., The Modern Defence Industry: Political, Economic, and Technological Issues, (Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International, 2009): 307–308; and Royal Australian Air Force Air Power Development Centre, Pathfinder Bulletin 170 (January 2012): 1–2; http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Pathfinder/PF170-Five-Generations-of-Jet-Fighter-Aircraft.pdf; Accessed December 18, 2017.

  2. 2.

    Pathfinder Bulletin, Ibid.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    Ibid.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    Sainu Kanikara, The Bolt from the Blue: Air Power in the Cycle of Strategies, (Canberra: Air Power Development Centre, 2013): http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/The-Bolt-From-the-Blue; Accessed December 18, 2017.

  8. 8.

    Mark A. Lorell and Hugh P. Leveaux, The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of U.S. Fighter Aircraft R&D, (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1998): 33; http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/1998/MR939.pdf; Accessed May 25, 2018.

  9. 9.

    See Ibid., 30, A.D. Harvey, “German Aircraft Design During the Third Reich,” Air Power History, 61 (2)(Summer 2014): 28–35.

  10. 10.

    Public Law 80–253, “National Security Act of 1947,” 61 U.S. Statutes at Large, 502–504; http://legisworks.org/congress/80/publaw-253.pdf; Accessed December 18, 2017.

  11. 11.

    See U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II, Part 1, Lisle H. Rose and Neil A. Petersen, eds. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1979): http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p1; Accessed February 6, 2017, Lorell and Leveaux, 51; Richard M. Leighton and Raymond Millen, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: Volume III: Strategy, Money, and the New Look, 1953–1956, (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2001): http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol3.pdf; Accessed February 6, 2017; Providing the Means of War: Historical Perspectives on Defense Acquisition, 1945–2000, Shannon A. Brown, ed., (Washington, DC: United States Army Center for Military History and Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 2005): http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/acquisition_pub/CMHPub70-87-1ProvidingtheMeans.pdf; Accessed February 6, 2017; Millen, “Cultivating Strategic Thinking: The Eisenhower Model,” Parameters, 42 (2)(Summer 2012): 56–70; http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/articles/2012summer/Millen.pdf; and Jeffrey S. Underwood, “Presidential Statesmen and U.S. Airpower: Personalities and Perceptions,” in The Influence of Airpower Upon History: Statesmanship, Diplomacy, and Foreign Policy Since 1903, Robin Higham and Mark Parillo, eds., (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013): 192–193.

  12. 12.

    See Lorell and Leveaux, 52; and Measuringworth.com; Accessed February 7, 2017; for conversion to 2015 CPI rates.

  13. 13.

    See Ibid, 53–87; Roger E. Bilstein, Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990, (Washington, DC: NASA, 1989); http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4406/contents.html; Accessed February 7, 2017; Robert J. Watson, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: Volume IV: Into the Missile Age, 1956–1960, (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1997): http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol4.pdf; Accessed May 14, 2017; and Thomas C. Lassman, Sources of Weapons Systems Innovation in the Department of Defense: The Role of In-House Research and Development, 1945–2000, (Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2008); http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/acquisition_pub/CMH_51-2-1.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  14. 14.

    See Lorell and Leveaux, 89–90; Robin Higham, 100 Years of Air Power & Aviation, (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004): 245–258; Lawrence S. Kaplan, Ronald D. Landa, and Edward J. Drea, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: Volume V: The McNamara Ascendancy, 1961–1965, (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006): http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol5.pdf; Accessed February 9, 2017; Edward J. Drea, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: Volume VI: McNamara, Clifford, and the Burdens of Vietnam 1965–1969, (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2011): http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol6.pdf; Accessed February 9, 2017; and Walter S. Poole, History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense: Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968, (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2013): 179–248; http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/acquisition_pub/OSDHO-Acquisition-Series-Vol2.pdf; Accessed February 9, 2017.

  15. 15.

    See Lorell and Levaux, 52; Marcelle Size Knaack, Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume I, (Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978): 293–297; http://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330287/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-027.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017; U.S. Air Force, Air Force Fact Sheets, (Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force, 2015): http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets.aspx; Accessed February 9, 2017; Naval Aviation 1911–1986: A Pictorial Study, Sandy Russell and Staff of Aviation News, eds., (Washington, DC: Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air Warfare) and Commander, Naval Air Systems Command, 1986): https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/publications/Publication-PDF/NavalAviation1911-1986.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017; Gordon Swanborough and Peter M. Bowers, United States Military Aircraft Since 1909, (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1989); and measuringworth.com; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  16. 16.

    See Richard H. Shultz, Jr. and Robert F. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., The Future of Airpower in the Aftermath of the Gulf War, (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1992); http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/b_0048_shultz_future_of_airpower.pdf; Accessed March 15, 2017; Richard T. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm: The Genesis of the Air Campaign Against Iraq, (Maxwell, AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1995): http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/b_0055_reynolds_heart_storm1.pdf; Accessed March 15, 2017; Benjamin S. Lambeth, The Transformation of American Air Power, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000); David R. Mets, The Long Search for Surgical Strike: Precision Guided Munitions and the Revolution in Military Affairs, (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2001): http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS37565; Accessed March 15, 2017; Michael Russell Rip and James M. Hasik, The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare, (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002); Paul G. Gillespie, Weapons of Choice: The Development of Precision Guided Munitions, (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006); and Colin S. Gray, Airpower for Strategic Effect, (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2012): http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/b_0122_gray_airpower_strategic_effect.pdf; Accessed March 15, 2017.

  17. 17.

    Lorell and Leveraux, 129.

  18. 18.

    See Ibid., 170–199; and www.measuringworth.com/; Accessed February 7, 2017; Tom Martin and Rachel Schmidt, A Case Study of the F-20 Tigershark, (Santa Monica: Rand Graduate School, 1987); http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2009/P7495.pdf; Accessed May 18, 2017; Air Force Fact Sheets, Accessed April 18, 2015; and “Tomcats Officially Retire,” (Washington, DC: United States Navy, 2006): 1; http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=25747; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  19. 19.

    See Lorell and Leveraux, 149–153; Anthony L. Velocci, Jr., “Further Consolidation Looms Over Industry: Many More Mergers and Acquisitions Will Occur Including One or Two ‘Elephant Deals’ Worldwide,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 152 (19)(May 8, 2000): 22–24.; Judy B. Davis, “The Impact of Defense Industry Consolidation on the Aerospace Industry,” Thesis, (Wright-Patterson, AFB: Air Force Institute of Technology, 2006); http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449606; Accessed March 18, 2017; and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Aviation Operation, Safety, and Security, The Global Competitiveness of the U.S. Aviation Industry: Addressing Issues to Maintain U.S. Leadership in the Aerospace Market, (Washington, DC: GPO, 2014); http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46733; Accessed March 18, 2017.

  20. 20.

    “Ageing Array of American Aircraft Attracting Attention,” Defense Industry Daily, (September 15, 2015): 1; http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/aging-array-of-american-aircraft-attracting-attention-0901/; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  21. 21.

    Mackenzie Eaglen, The State of the U.S. Military, (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2010): 1; http://s3.amazonaws.com/thf_media/2010/pdf/Military_chartbook.pdf; Accessed May 18, 2017.

  22. 22.

    2015 Index of U.S. Military Strength: Assessing America’s Ability to Provide for the Common Defense, Dakota L. Wood, ed., (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2015): 253–258; http://ims-2015.s3.amazonaws.com/2015_Index_of_US_Military_Strength_FINAL.pdf; Accessed May 18, 2017.

  23. 23.

    See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Investigations, Review of Arms Coproduction Agreements, (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989); Modern Defense Industry: The Political, Economic, and Technological Issues, Richard A. Bitzinger, ed., (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009); 153–242; Peter Hall and Andrew D. James, Defence Industrial Policies and Their Impact on Acquisition Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of the United Kingdom and Australia, (Canberra: Institute for New South Wales, School of Business, 2012): http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA581951; Accessed May 18, 2017; and Lawrence Spinetta, “The Life Cycle of Manned Aircraft,” International Journal of Defense Acquisition Management, 6 (2014): 21–37.

  24. 24.

    See Royal Australian Air Force, “History,” (Canberra: Royal Australian Air Force, 2015): 1–2; http://www.airforce.gov.au/History/?RAAF-Sq7iGFssX2/HNFhOlsw4TP9fITfYhI7O; Accessed February 7, 2017; Ibid., Air Force Bases, n.d., 1–2; http://www.airforce.gov.au/RAAFBases/?RAAF-EYD01E6ZiPbV0Cl+C+GKu4PSUCVwrBfQ; Accessed December 18, 2017; and Australia, Department of Defence, Defence Annual Report 2016–17: Volume One: Performance, Governance, and Accountability, (Canberra: Department of Defence, 2017); 91; http://www.defence.gov.au/annualreports/16-17/Downloads/DAR_2016-17_Complete.pdf; Accessed December 18, 2017).

  25. 25.

    See Alan Stephens, Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy, and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force, 1921–1991, (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1992); http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST02-Power-Plus-Attitude-Ideas,-Strategy-and-Doctrine-in-the-Royal-Australian-Air-Force,-1921-1991.pdf; Accessed May 18, 2017; Alan Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2001); Sainu Kainikara and Tony Forestier, Air Power for Australia’s Security: More Than the Three Block War, (Canberra: RAAF Airpower Centre, 2007); http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/CAF%20Occasional%20Papers/CAF01-Air-Power-for-Australia-s-Security-More-Than-the-Three-Block-War.pdf; Accessed May 18, 2017; and Mark Lax, From Controversy to Cutting Edge: A History of the F-111 in Australian Service, (Canberra: RAAF Airpower Development Centre, 2010); http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST22-From-Controversy-to-Cutting-Edge-A-History-of-the-F-111-in-Australian-Service.pdf; Accessed April 18, 2017.

  26. 26.

    See Alan Stephens, Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force, 1946–1971, (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995); http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST03-Going-Solo-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1946-1971.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017; Royal Australian Air Force, Aircraft, (Canberra: Royal Australian Air Force, 2015); Accessed May 18, 2017; RAAF Museum, RAAF Aircraft, (Point Cook, VIC: RAAF Museum, 2015); https://www.airforce.gov.au/sites/g/files/net3736/f/minisite/static/1469/RAAFmuseum/photo_album/aircraft.htm; Accessed May 30, 2018; and U.S. Air Force Museum, “North American F-86A Sabre,” (Dayton, OH: U.S. Air Force Museum, 2015): 1; http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/198071/north-american-f-86h-sabre.aspx; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  27. 27.

    See United Kingdom, “First World War in the Air,” (London: Royal Air Force Museum, 2015): 1; https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/whats-going-on/events/opening-of-first-world-war-in-the-air-exhibition/. Accessed May 30, 2018; David J. Dean, Airpower in Small Wars: The British Air Control Experience, (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1985); Owen Gordon Thetford, Aircraft of the Royal Air Force Since 1918, 9th ed., (London: Putnam, 1995); Peter Foster, Tornado ADV: The Last Cold War Interceptor, (Stroud: History Press, 2011); Chris Gibson, Battle Flight: RAF Air Defence Projects and Weapons Since 1945, (Manchester: Hikoki Publications, 2012); Air Power Review, Special Edition, Spring 2013, http://www.airpowerstudies.co.uk/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/apr-95th-anniversary.pdf; Accessed May 19, 2017; United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, UK Armed Forces Monthly Service Personnel Statistics 1 October 2017, (London: Ministry of Defence, 16 November 2017): 3–4; https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/659404/20171001_-_SPS.pdf; Accessed December 18, 2017); and Changing War: The British Army, the Hundred Days Campaign, and the Birth of the Royal Air Force, Gary Sheffield and Peter Gray, eds., (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015).

  28. 28.

    See Royal Air Force, “Aircraft,” (London: RAF, 2015): https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/; Accessed May 30, 2018; and Royal Air Force: Weapons, (London: RAF, 2018): https://www.raf.mod.uk/search-results/?Keywords=weapons&display=search&newSearch=true&noCache=1. Accessed May 30, 2018.

  29. 29.

    Royal Canadian Air Force, “Overview,” (Ottawa: Royal Canadian Air Force, 2016): 1–2; http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/overview.page; Accessed December 18, 2017.

  30. 30.

    See Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 24th Parliament, 2nd Sess., February 20, 1959, 2:1221–1224; http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2402_02/6?r=0&s=2; Accessed May 19, 2017; W.A.B. Douglas, The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, (Ottawa and Toronto: Department of National Defence and University of Toronto Press, 1980); Brereton Greenhous, Canada’s Air Forces 1914–1999, (St. Catherine’s, ON: Vanwell Pub. Ltd., 2004); Dwight N. Mason, “The Canadian-American North American Defence Alliance in 2005,” International Journal, 60 (2)(Spring 2005): 85–96; https://doi.org/10.2307/40204296; Palmiro Campagna, Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed, (Toronto: Dundurn, 2010); Canada, Chief of Defence Intelligence, Threat Capability Assessment for Canada’s Fighter Aircraft Capability, (Ottawa: Chief of Defence Intelligence, 2012): http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/06%2006%20Task%201%20(En)%20final.pdf; Accessed May 19, 2017; Lawrence Miller, The Avro Arrow: The Story of the Great Canadian Cold War Combat Jet-In Pictures and Documents, (Toronto: Lorimer, 2014); and John Alexander, “A Return to the Royal Canadian Air Force Ranks: A Historical Examination,” The Royal Canadian Air Force Journal, 3 (1)(Winter 2014): 5–14; http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/assets/AIRFORCE_Internet/docs/en/cf-aerospace-warfare-centre/elibrary/journal/2014-vol3-iss1-03-a-return-to-royal-canadian-air-force-ranks-a-historical-examination.pdf; Accessed May 19, 2017.

  31. 31.

    See Maureen Cronin, “A Case of Hornets: The Controversial CF-18,” American Review of Canadian Studies, 12 (3)(1982): 17–28; https://doi.org/10.1080/02722018209480755; John Fricker, “British Aerospace Hawk,” World Air Power Journal, 22 (Fall/Autumn 1995): 45–111; Ray Stouffer, “Cold War Air Power Choices for the RCAF: Paul Hellyer and the Selection of the CF-5 Freedom Fighter,” Canadian Military Journal, 7 (3)(Autumn 2006): 63–74; http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo7/no3/doc/stouffer-eng.pdf; Accessed May 19, 2017; Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, “AVRO CANADA CF-100 CANUCK MK. 5D,” (Mount Hope, ON: Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, 2015): 1; http://www.warplane.com/vintage-aircraft-collection/aircraft-history.aspx?aircraftId=3; Accessed May 19, 2017; Royal Canadian Air Force, “CF-188 Hornet,” (Ottawa: Royal Canadian Air Force, 2015): 1–2; http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/aircraft-current/cf-188.page; Accessed May 19, 2017; Dave Perry, A Primer on Recent Canadian Defence Budgeting Trends and Implications, (Calgary: University of Calgary School of Public Policy SPP Research Papers, 8 (15)(April 2015): http://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/canadian-defence-budgeting-perry.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017; and U.S. Air Force Museum, “McDonnell F-101B Voodoo,” (Dayton: National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, 2015): 1; Accessed May 19, 2015; http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196899/mcdonnell-f-101b-voodoo.aspx; Accessed February 7, 2017.

  32. 32.

    See U.S. National Air and Space Intelligence Center, People’s Liberation Army Air Force 2010, (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S. National Air and Space Intelligence Center, 2010): 11–18; http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nasic/pla_af_2010.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities, Richard P. Hallion, Roger Cliff, and Phillip G. Saunders, eds., (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2012); http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/chinese-air-force.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; Anthony H. Cordesman and Nicholas S. Yarosh, Chinese Military Modernization and Force Development: A Western Perspective, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2012): 135; http://csis.org/files/publication/120727_Chinese_Military_Modernization_Force_Dvlpment.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; and International Institute of Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2017, (London: IISS, 2016): 270–284.

  33. 33.

    See U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence, The People’s Liberation Army Navy: A Modern Navy With Chinese Characteristics, (Suitland, MD: Office of Naval Intelligence, 2009): 5–11; http://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; Philip C. Saunders, The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2012): http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo19516; Accessed May 21, 2017; Cordesman and Yarosh, 113, 116–117, 2015; Christopher H. Sharman, China Moves Out: Stepping Stones Toward a New Maritime Strategy, (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2015); http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo57396; Accessed May 21, 2017; and Military Balance 2017, 281, 283.

  34. 34.

    See Evan S. Medeiros, Roger Cliff, Keith Crane, and James C. Mulvenon, A New Direction for China’s Defense Industry, (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2005): http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; Tai Ming Cheung, The J-20 Fighter Aircraft and the State of China’s Defense Science, Technology, Innovation, and Potential, (Berkeley: University of California Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict, 2011); https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q33s2sm; Accessed May 21, 2017; Bill Sweetman, “Unique J-20 Could Fit Anti-Access Role, “Aviation Week and Space Technology, 176 (39)(November 3, 2014): 57–59; Kevin Pollpeter, “Introduction to SITC Policy Briefs,” (Berkeley: University of California Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict, 2014); https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w58q0s2; Accessed May 21, 2017; and Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft: Development and Production, (Washington, DC: IHS, 2015).

  35. 35.

    See Olga Oliker and Tanya Charlick-Paley, Assessing Russia’s Decline: Trends and Implications for the United States and the U.S. Air Force, (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2002); http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2007/MR1442.pdf; Accessed May 21, 2017; Thomas McCabe, “Airpower in the Next War: In the Shadow of Georgia,” Air and Space Power Journal, 23 (4)(Winter 2009): 58–67; http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-23_Issue-1-4/2009_Vol23_No4.pdf; Accessed February 7, 2017; “Russian Fighter Jets Patrolling Ukraine Border,” VOA News, (February 27, 2014): 1–2; http://www.voanews.com/content/russian-fighter-jets-patrolling-ukraine-border/1860450.html; Accessed May 21, 2017; “DOD News Update: Revanchist Russia Threatens Europe,” (Washington, DC: Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System, May 1, 2015); https://www.dvidshub.net/video/401812/dod-news-update-revanchist-russia-threatens-europe#.VV4lK09VhBc; Accessed May 21, 2017; Raymond D. Limbach, “Air Forces, Russia (to 1917, and since 1991),” and “Air Forces, Soviet (1917–1991),” in Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond: Volume 1: A-M, Timothy C. Dowling, ed., (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2015): 1:8–12; and Roland Oliphant, “Mapped: Just How Many Incursions into NATO Airspace Has Russian Military Made?,” Daily Telegraph, (May 15, 2015); http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11609783/Mapped-Just-how-many-incursions-into-Nato-airspace-has-Russian-military-made.html; Accessed May 21, 2017.

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    See Military Balance 2017, 211–215; Bettina Renz, “Russian Military Capabilities After 20 Years of Reform,” Survival, 56 (3)(June/July 2014): 61–84; https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2014.920145; Aneli Bongers and José L. Torres, “Measuring Technological Trends: A Comparison Between U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Jet Fighter Aircraft,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87 (2014): 125–134; http://dx.doi.org/10/1016/j.techfore.2013.12.007; Maggie Marcum, A Comparative Study of Global Fighter Development Timeslines, (Berkeley: University of California Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict, 2014): https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wm202sh; Accessed May 21, 2017; Robert Beckhusen, “Russia’s Air Corps is a Powerful but Fading Force,” Reuters, (March 18, 2015): 1–3; http://www.reuters.com/article/beckhusen-russiannavy-idUSL2N0WM1EE20150320; Accessed February 7, 2017; and Ray Finch, “Modernization Challenges in Key Russian Fighter,” OE Watch, 5 (3)(March 2015): 63–64; https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-past-issues/195461; Accessed May 21, 2017.

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    Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, Bongers and Torres, 133; Robin Higham, John Greenwood, and Von Hardesty, Russian Aviation and Air Power in the 20th Century, (London: Frank Cass, 1998); Xiaoming Zhang, Red Wings Over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea, (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002).

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  39. 39.

    Spring 2017 Industry Study: Final Report Aircraft Industry, (Washington, DC: The Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy, National Defense University, 2017): 1, 6; http://es.ndu.edu/Portals/75/Documents/industry-study/reports/2017/es-is-report-aircraft-2017.pdf; Accessed May 25, 2018.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., 8, 86.

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    Bert Chapman

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Chapman, B. (2019). History of Jet Fighters. In: Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01367-7_2

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