Abstract
This chapter outlines the key ideas of Rizal’s liberalism, drawing mostly from his essays and collected letters. Although Rizal believed that Spanish liberals were better than the reactionary friars whom he held in contempt, he felt that many of them had become hypocritical in the Philippines, turning their back on their principles. In opposition to this liberalism, Rizal sketches a form of liberalism born through the pain and suffering of the colonial subject.
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Like Conrad, Rizal could, of course, also reference the anarchist bombings of the period. However, as with Conrad as well, Rizal’s allusions to anarchy were more literary devices and ethical heuristics rather than hints at a political program.
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Claudio, L.E. (2019). Pain and the Purification of Liberty. In: Jose Rizal. Global Political Thinkers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01316-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01316-5_2
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