Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pulmonary Manifestations of Congenital Defects of Phagocytes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pulmonary Manifestations of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • 416 Accesses

Abstract

The phagocytic system is an indispensable part of the immune defense mechanism and innate immune system. Pulmonary manifestations could be either ambiguous or misleading. The most common involved organ in chronic granulomatous deficiency (CGD) is the lung, which manifests with infectious and non-infectious (granuloma and fibrosis) complications. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-deficient individuals are mostly asymptomatic; however, invasive Candida (IC) may present as candidemia, disseminated infection, and pneumonia. Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency pulmonary manifestations are recurrent pneumonias and lung abscess mostly due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), involvement of the skin and mucus membranes is a predominant clinical feature and then recurrent pulmonary infections. In RAC-2 deficiency, pulmonary involvement although uncommon includes recurrent sinopulmonary infections, pneumonia, and bronchiectasis. In congenital neutropenia (CN), the child might begin to have fevers associated with respiratory symptoms of pneumonia. ELANE (neutrophil elastase) mutations are the most frequent known cause of congenital neutropenia which is characterized by oropharyngeal inflammation. G6PC3 deficiency and its severe form called Dursun syndrome are characterized by a triad of familial primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), leukopenia, and atrial septal defects. Cyclic neutropenia is characterized by oscillating numbers of blood neutrophils. Pulmonary manifestations are upper respiratory infections (sinusitis and otitis media), pneumonia, and bronchitis. In Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), pulmonary manifestations are recurrent bronchopulmonary bacterial, viral, and fungal opportunistic infections and recurrent otitis media. Cohen syndrome is associated with laryngeal dysfunction and laryngomalacia to stenosis and vocal cord paralysis. Poikiloderma often accompanies severe neutropenia and bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, and lung granulomas. In other phagocytic deficiencies, including b-actin, aggressive periodontitis, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Barth syndrome, and glycogen storage disease Ib, no pulmonary manifestations have been reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rezaei N, Pourpak Z, Aghamohammadi A, Farhoudi A, Movahedi M, Gharagozlou M, et al. Consanguinity in primary immunodeficiency disorders; the report from Iranian primary immunodeficiency registry. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56(2):145–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Matute JD, Arias AA, Wright NA, Wrobel I, Waterhouse CC, Li XJ, et al. A new genetic subgroup of chronic granulomatous disease with autosomal recessive mutations in p40phox and selective defects in neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity. Blood. 2009;114(15):3309–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Fattahi F, Badalzadeh M, Sedighipour L, Movahedi M, Fazlollahi MR, Mansouri SD, et al. Inheritance pattern and clinical aspects of 93 Iranian patients with chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31(5):792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kuhns DB, Alvord WG, Heller T, Feld JJ, Pike KM, Marciano BE, et al. Residual NADPH oxidase and survival in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2600–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Mansouri D, Adimi P, Mirsaedi M, Mansouri N, Tabarsi P, Amiri M, et al. Primary immune deficiencies presenting in adults: seven years of experience from Iran. J Clin Immunol. 2005;25(4):385–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Van den Berg JM, Van Koppen E, Ã…hlin A, Belohradsky BH, Bernatowska E, Corbeel L, et al. Chronic granulomatous disease: the European experience. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5234.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Carnide EG, Jacob CA, Castro AM, Pastorino AC. Clinical and laboratory aspects of chronic granulomatous disease in description of eighteen patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(1):5–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mahdaviani SA, Mohajerani SA, Rezaei N, Casanova J-L, Mansouri SD, Velayati AA. Pulmonary manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2013;9(2):153–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnston RB Jr. Clinical aspects of chronic granulomatous disease. Curr Opin Hematol. 2001;8(1):17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Khanna G, Kao SC, Kirby P, Sato Y. Imaging of chronic granulomatous disease in children. Radiographics. 2005;25(5):1183–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Almyroudis N, Holland S, Segal B. Invasive aspergillosis in primary immunodeficiencies. Med Mycol. 2005;43(sup1):247–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dorman SE, Guide SV, Conville PS, DeCarlo ES, Malech HL, Gallin JI, et al. Nocardia infection in chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(4):390–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Marciano BE, Wesley R, De Carlo ES, Anderson VL, Barnhart LA, Darnell D, et al. Long-term interferon-γ therapy for patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(5):692–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lacy D, Spencer D, Goldstein A, Weller P, Darbyshire P. Chronic granulomatous disease presenting in childhood with Pseudomonas cepacia septicaemia. J Infect. 1993;27(3):301–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Reichenbach J, Lopatin U, Mahlaoui N, Beovic B, Siler U, Zbinden R, et al. Actinomyces in chronic granulomatous disease: an emerging and unanticipated pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1703–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Vinh DC, Shea YR, Sugui JA, Parrilla-Castellar ER, Freeman AF, Campbell JW, et al. Invasive aspergillosis due to Neosartorya udagawae. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):102–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee PP, Chan K-W, Jiang L, Chen T, Li C, Lee T-L, et al. Susceptibility to mycobacterial infections in children with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: a review of 17 patients living in a region endemic for tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(3):224–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bustamante J, Aksu G, Vogt G, De Beaucoudrey L, Genel F, Chapgier A, et al. BCG-osis and tuberculosis in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(1):32–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kuijpers T, Lutter R. Inflammation and repeated infections in CGD: two sides of a coin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012;69(1):7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. De Ravin SS, Naumann N, Cowen EW, Friend J, Hilligoss D, Marquesen M, et al. Chronic granulomatous disease as a risk factor for autoimmune disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1097–103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Siddiqui S, Anderson VL, Hilligoss DM, Abinun M, Kuijpers TW, Masur H, et al. Fulminant mulch pneumonitis: an emergency presentation of chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(6):673–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Morgenstern DE, Gifford MA, Li LL, Doerschuk CM, Dinauer MC. Absence of respiratory burst in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease mice leads to abnormalities in both host defense and inflammatory response to Aspergillus fumigatus. J Exp Med. 1997;185(2):207–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Segal BH, Leto TL, Gallin JI, Malech HL, Holland SM. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical features of chronic granulomatous disease. Medicine. 2000;79(3):170–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brown KL, Bylund J, MacDonald KL, Song-Zhao GX, Elliott MR, Falsafi R, et al. ROS-deficient monocytes have aberrant gene expression that correlates with inflammatory disorders of chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Immunol. 2008;129(1):90–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Segal BH, Han W, Bushey JJ, Joo M, Bhatti Z, Feminella J, et al. NADPH oxidase limits innate immune responses in the lungs in mice. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9631.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Foster CB, Lehrnbecher T, Mol F, Steinberg SM, Venzon DJ, Walsh TJ, et al. Host defense molecule polymorphisms influence the risk for immune-mediated complications in chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Invest. 1998;102(12):2146–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Khalilzadeh S, Bloorsaz MR, Mansouri D, Baghaie N, Hakimi S, Velayati AA. Clinical and radiological aspects of chronic granulomatous disease in children: a case series from Iran. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;5(2):85–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Margolis DM, Melnick DA, Ailing DW, Gallin JI. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in the management of chronic granulomatous disease. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(3):723–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Petropoulou T, Liese J, Tintelnot K, Gahr M, Belohradsky B. Long-term treatment of patients with itraconazole for the prevention of Aspergillus infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Mycoses. 1994;37:64–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Holland SM. Chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2010;38(1):3–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Uzel G, Orange JS, Poliak N, Marciano BE, Heller T, Holland SM. Complications of tumor necrosis factor-±blockade in chronic granulomatous disease—related colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(12):1429–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Grez M, Reichenbach J, Schwäble J, Seger R, Dinauer MC, Thrasher AJ. Gene therapy of chronic granulomatous disease: the engraftment dilemma. Mol Ther. 2011;19(1):28–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ott MG, Schmidt M, Schwarzwaelder K, Stein S, Siler U, Koehl U, et al. Correction of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease by gene therapy, augmented by insertional activation of MDS1-EVI1, PRDM16 or SETBP1. Nat Med. 2006;12(4):401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Stiehm ER, Pietropaolo-Cienfuegos D, Hernandez-Bautista V, Espinosa-Rosales F. Corticosteroid therapy for refractory infections in chronic granulomatous disease: case reports and review of the literature. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(2):257–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Arnhold J, Flemmig J. Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;500(1):92–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A, Notarangelo LD. Primary immunodeficiency diseases definition, diagnosis, and management. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Antachopoulos C. Invasive fungal infections in congenital immunodeficiencies. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(9):1335–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lanza F. Clinical manifestation of myeloperoxidase deficiency. J Mol Med. 1998;76(10):676–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wada T, Akagi T, Muraoka M, Toma T, Kaji K, Agematsu K, et al. A novel in-frame deletion in the leucine zipper domain of C/EBPε leads to neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. J Immunol. 2015;195(1):80–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Malech HL, Hickstein DD. Genetics, biology and clinical management of myeloid cell primary immune deficiencies: chronic granulomatous disease and leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(1):29–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lübke T, Marquardt T, Etzioni A, Hartmann E, von Figura K, Körner C. Complementation cloning identifies CDG-IIc, a new type of congenital disorders of glycosylation, as a GDP-fucose transporter deficiency. Nat Genet. 2001;28(1):73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kinashi T, Aker M, Sokolovsky-Eisenberg M, Grabovsky V, Tanaka C, Shamri R, et al. LAD-III, a leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome associated with defective Rap1 activation and impaired stabilization of integrin bonds. Blood. 2004;103(3):1033–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Etzioni A, Tonetti M. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II–from a to almost Z. Immunol Rev. 2000;178(1):138–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bazregari S, Azizi G, Tavakol M, Asgardoon MH, Kiaee F, Tavakolinia N, et al. Evaluation of infectious and non-infectious complications in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2017;42(4):336.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Etzioni A. Novel aspects of phagocytic cell disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;1(6):535–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Etzioni A, Harlan J, Pollack S, Phillips L, Gershoni-Baruch R, Paulson J. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) II: a new adhesion defect due to absence of sialyl Lewis X, the ligand for selectins. Immunodeficiency. 1993;4(1–4):307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Etzioni A, Alon R. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III: a group of integrin activation defects in hematopoietic lineage cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;4(6):485–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Frydman M, Etzioni A, Eidlitz-Markus T, Avidor I, Varsano I, Shechter Y, et al. Rambam–Hasharon syndrome of psychomotor retardation, short stature, defective neutrophil motility, and Bombay phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1992;44(3):297–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Thomas C, Le Deist F, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Benkerrou M, Haddad E, Blanche S, et al. Results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Blood. 1995;86(4):1629–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Marquardt T, Lühn K, Srikrishna G, Freeze HH, Harms E, Vestweber D. Correction of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II with oral fucose. Blood. 1999;94(12):3976–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bogaert DJ, Dullaers M, Lambrecht BN, Vermaelen KY, De Baere E, Haerynck F. Genes associated with common variable immunodeficiency: one diagnosis to rule them all? J Med Genet. 2016;53(9):575–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alkhairy OK, Rezaei N, Graham RR, Abolhassani H, Borte S, Hultenby K, et al. RAC2 loss-of-function mutation in 2 siblings with characteristics of common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1380–4.e5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Donadieu J, Fenneteau O, Beaupain B, Mahlaoui N, Chantelot CB. Congenital neutropenia: diagnosis, molecular bases and patient management. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6(1):26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Skokowa J, Dale DC, Touw IP, Zeidler C, Welte K. Severe congenital neutropenias. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2017;3:17032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Donadieu J, Beaupain B, Fenneteau O, Bellanné-Chantelot C. Congenital neutropenia in the era of genomics: classification, diagnosis, and natural history. Br J Haematol. 2017;179(4):557–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Boxer LA. Severe congenital neutropenia: genetics and pathogenesis. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2006;117:13.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Lanini LLS, Prader S, Siler U, Reichenbach J. Modern management of phagocyte defects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017;28(2):124–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dale DC. ELANE-related neutropenia. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, et al., editors. GeneReviews((R)). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle All rights reserved; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Okolo ON, Katsanis E, Yun S, Reveles CY, Anwer F. Allogeneic transplant in ELANE and MEFV mutation positive severe cyclic neutropenia: review of prognostic factors for secondary severe events. Case Rep Hematol. 2017;2017:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Banka S. G6PC3 deficiency. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, et al., editors. GeneReviews((R)). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Banka S, Newman WG. A clinical and molecular review of ubiquitous glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency caused by G6PC3 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013;8(1):84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Aydogmus C, Cipe F, Tas M, Akınel A, Öner Ö, Keskindemirci G, et al. HAX-1 deficiency: characteristics of five cases including an asymptomatic patient. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2016;34(1):73–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Palmer SE, Stephens K, Dale DC. Genetics, phenotype, and natural history of autosomal dominant cyclic hematopoiesis. Am J Med Genet. 1996;66(4):413–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dale DC, Liles WC, Garwicz D, Aprikyan AG. Clinical implications of mutations of neutrophil elastase in congenital and cyclic neutropenia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23(4):208–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dale DC, Bolyard AA, Aprikyan A. Cyclic neutropenia. Semin Hematol. 2002;39(2):89–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mansoor MS, Khan MB. A case of cyclic neutropenia in adults. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(3):289–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Dale DC, WPt H. Cyclic neutropenia: a clinical review. Blood Rev. 1988;2(3):178–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rezaei N, Farhoudi A, Pourpak Z, Aghamohammadi A, Ramyar A, Moin M, et al. Clinical and laboratory findings in Iranian children with cyclic neutropenia. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;3(1):37–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Burroughs L, Woolfrey A, Shimamura A. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: a review of the clinical presentation, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(2):233–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Chandler KE, Kidd A, Al-Gazali L, Kolehmainen J, Lehesjoki AE, Black GC, et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical characteristics, and natural history of Cohen syndrome. J Med Genet. 2003;40(4):233–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Wang H, Falk MJ, Wensel C, Traboulsi EI. Cohen syndrome. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, et al., editors. GeneReviews((R)). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wang L, Clericuzio C, Larizza L. Poikiloderma with neutropenia. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, et al., editors. GeneReviews((R)). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tracheal Diseases Research Center (TDRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Amir Mohajerani

  2. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Marzieh Tavakol

  3. Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Emam Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Marzieh Tavakol

  4. Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani

Authors
  1. Seyed Amir Mohajerani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marzieh Tavakol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani

  2. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mohajerani, S.A., Tavakol, M., Mahdaviani, S.A. (2019). Pulmonary Manifestations of Congenital Defects of Phagocytes. In: Mahdaviani, S., Rezaei, N. (eds) Pulmonary Manifestations of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00880-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00880-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00879-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00880-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation