Abstract
The phenomenon of public funding has a long history and has been interesting to scholars for at least a couple of centuries. However, an important system of public financing has developed only over the second half of the last century. In particular, since the 1950s of the last century, European Union ‘programmes’ has become very important in Europe. Under European Union law, a programme ‘means any activity, set of activities or other initiative which the relevant basic instrument or budgetary authorisation requires the Commission to implement for the benefit of one or more categories of specific beneficiaries, by committing expenditure’. Beneficiaries, or better, recipients, participating in the EU Programmes assume obligations and acquire rights with respect to the Commission (or other funding authorities) and to the other co-beneficiaries.
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Notes
- 1.
See, in Rome, the Leges frumentariae (Law establishing the free distribution of grain), among which the first was the Lex Sempronia frumentaria of 123 B.C., proposed by Caius Grachus (Perelli 1993, p. 168 f.).
- 2.
Among the first to deal with public funding from a scientific perspective, see Napolitan jurist Giacinto Dragonetti in his Trattato delle virtù e de’ premj published in 1766.
- 3.
WTO, Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2006. Analyse des liens entre les subventions, le commerce et l’OMC, p. 306, in: www.wto.org/French/res_f/booksp_f/anrep_f/world_trade_report06_f.pdf.
- 4.
See the definition set out by Council Regulation (EC) No 58/2003 of 19 December 2002 laying down the statute for executive agencies to be entrusted with certain tasks in the management of Community programmes. See also Cippitani (2013, pp. 22 ff.).
- 5.
This type of grant therefore covers part of the body’s management costs and is not linked to the implementation of a specific project. Operating grants are those specially directed to bodies established by EU law, such as: (a) the College of Europe (Bruges and Natolin Campus); (b) the European University Institute in Florence; (c) the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht; (d) the Academy of European Law in Trier; (e) the European Agency for the Development of Special Needs Education in Middelfart; (f) the International Centre for European Training (CIFE) in Nice (Article 36(2) of Decision 1720/2006).
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Cippitani, R. (2019). Recipient of EU Programmes. In: Bartolini, A., Cippitani, R., Colcelli, V. (eds) Dictionary of Statuses within EU Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00554-2_59
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