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X-ray Free Electron Lasers pp 109–184Cite as

Sample Delivery Techniques for Serial Crystallography

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Abstract

In serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX), protein microcrystals and nanocrystals are introduced into the focus of an X-ray free electron laser (FEL) beam ideally one-by-one in a serial fashion. The high photon density in each pulse is the double-edged sword that necessitates the serial nature of the experiments. The high photon count focused spatially and temporally leads to a diffraction-before-destruction snapshot, but this single snapshot is not enough for a high-resolution three-dimensional structural reconstruction. To recover the structure, more snapshots are required to sample all of reciprocal space from randomly oriented crystal diffraction, and in practice, some redundancy is necessary in these measurements. This chapter explores the different sample delivery techniques developed over the years to help enable serial crystallography experiments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hard X-Ray Department, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Raymond G. Sierra

  2. Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Uwe Weierstall

  3. Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, German Electron Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany

    Dominik Oberthuer & Alke Meents

  4. RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan

    Michihiro Sugahara, Eriko Nango & So Iwata

  5. Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

    Michihiro Sugahara, Eriko Nango & So Iwata

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  1. Raymond G. Sierra
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  2. Uwe Weierstall
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  3. Dominik Oberthuer
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  4. Michihiro Sugahara
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  5. Eriko Nango
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  6. So Iwata
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  7. Alke Meents
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Correspondence to Raymond G. Sierra or Uwe Weierstall .

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  1. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Sébastien Boutet

  2. School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Petra Fromme

  3. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Mark S. Hunter

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Sierra, R.G. et al. (2018). Sample Delivery Techniques for Serial Crystallography. In: Boutet, S., Fromme, P., Hunter, M. (eds) X-ray Free Electron Lasers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00551-1_5

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