Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Springer Handbook of Microscopy pp 487–535Cite as

LEEM, SPLEEM and SPELEEM

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

This chapter discusses some of the most important imaging methods with low-energy electrons, including: low-energy electron microscopy ( ), its extension to spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy ( ), and its combination with spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscopy ( ). Other imaging methods mentioned only briefly in the chapter include ultraviolet photoemission electron microscopy ( ), mirror electron microscopy () , low-electron energy loss microscopy ( ), and Auger electron emission microscopy ( ). The instruments used in these imaging methods allow imaging not only in real space but also in reciprocal space, such as low-energy electron diffraction ( ) and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES in SPELEEM). The combination of these methods with complementary high-lateral-resolution methods renders imaging with low-energy electrons a comprehensive surface analysis tool.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   279.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   359.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • C.J. Davisson, L.H. Germer: Diffraction of electrons by a crystal of nickel, Phys. Rev. 30, 705–740 (1927)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Low energy electron reflection microscopy. In: Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Electron Microsc., Vol. 1, ed. by S.S. Breese (Academic Press, New York 1962) pp. 11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps, E. Bauer: An analytical reflection and emission UHV surface electron microscope, Ultramicroscopy 17, 57–66 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Brüche, W. Knecht: Bemerkung über die Erreichung hoher Auflösungen mit dem elektronenoptischen Immersionsobjektiv, Z. Phys. 92, 462–466 (1934)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Mahl: Über das elektrostatische Elektronenmikroskop hoher Auflösung, Z. Tech. Phys. 20, 316 (1939)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.E. Farnsworth: Electron emission and diffraction by a copper crystal, Phys. Rev. 34, 679 (1929)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.E. Farnsworth: A simple contamination-free electron gun, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 21, 102 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Schlier, H.E. Farnsworth: Low-energy electron diffraction investigation of chemisorbed gases on the (100) faces of copper and nickel single crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 25, 1333 (1954)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Scheibner, L.H. Germer, C.D. Hartman: Apparatus for direct observation of low-energy electron diffraction patterns, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 31, 112 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L.H. Germer, C.D. Hartman: Improved low energy electron diffraction apparatus, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 31, 784 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Recknagel: Theorie des elektrischen Elektronenmikroskops für Selbststrahler, Z. Phys. 117, 689–708 (1941)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Optical properties of the uniform electric field, J. Appl. Phys. 35, 3079 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.R. Cruise: A numerical method for the determination of an electric field about a complicated boundary, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 3477–3479 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Surface electron microscopy: The first thirty years, Surf. Sci. 299/300, 102–115 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, S. Heun, J. Slesak, J. Diaz, K.C. Prince, G. Lilienkamp, E. Bauer: SPELEEM: Combining LEEM and spectroscopic imaging, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1287–1296 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, T. Schmidt: Multi-method high resolution surface analysis with slow electrons. In: High Resolution Imaging and Spectroscopy of Materials, ed. by F. Ernst, M. Ruehle (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2003) pp. 363–390

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Wichtendahl, R. Fink, H. Kuhlenbeck, D. Preikszas, H. Rose, R. Spehr, P. Hartel, W. Engel, R. Schlogl, H.J. Freund, A.M. Bradshaw, G. Lilienkamp, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer, G. Benner, E. Umbach: SMART: An aberration-corrected XPEEM/LEEM with energy filter, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1249–1256 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Interaction of slow electrons with surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 7, 3–12 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Interaction of slow electrons with randium-jellium. In: Les interactions des électrons avec la matière condensée. Applications a I'etude du solide (AVCP, Verbier 1972) pp. 42–96

    Google Scholar 

  • T.-Y. Wu, T. Ohmura: Quantum Theory of Scattering (Prentice, Englewood Cliffs 1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.-J. Herlt: Elastische Rückstreuung sehr langsamer Elektronen an reinen und an gasbedeckten Wolfram-Einkristalloberflächen, Ph.D. Thesis (TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Pendry: Low Energy Electron Diffraction (Academic Press, London 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Van Hove, W.H. Weinberg, C.-M. Chen: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (Springer, Berlin 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Seitz: The Modern Theory of Solids (McGraw-Hill, New York 1940) p. 313

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Feibelman, D.E. Eastman: Photoemission spectroscopy: Correspondence between quantum theory and experimental phenomenology, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4932–4947 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Low energy electron microscopy and normal incidence VLEED. In: Physics of Solid Surfaces, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 40, ed. by J. Koukal (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1988) pp. 26–36

    Google Scholar 

  • H.-J. Herlt, R. Feder, G. Meister, E. Bauer: Experiment and theory of the elastic electron reflection coefficient from tungsten, Solid State Commun. 38, 973–976 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B.I. Lundqvist: Some numerical results on quasiparticle properties in the electron gas, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 32, 273–280 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Zum gegenwaertigen Stand der Augerelektronenspektroskopie (AES) und Beugung langsamer Elektronen (LEED), Z. Metallkd. 63, 437–447 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and auger methods. In: Interactions on Metal Surfaces, ed. by R. Gomer (Springer, Berlin 1975) pp. 225–274

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Tanuma, C.J. Powell, D.R. Penn: Calculations of electorn inelastic mean free paths. II. Data for 27 elements over the 50–2000 eV range, Surf. Interface Anal. 17, 911–927 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z.-J. Ding, R. Shimitzu: A Monte Carlo modeling of electron interaction with solids including cascade secondary electron production, Scanning 18, 92–113 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Inelastic scattering of slow electrons in solids, Z. Phys. 224, 19–44 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Powell, A. Jablonski: Evaluation of calculated and measured inelastic mean free paths near solid surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 19–62 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Goulet, J.-M. Jung, M. Michaud, J.-P. Jay-Gerin, L. Sanche: Conduction-band density of states in solid argon revealed by low-energy-electron backscattering from thin films: Role of the electron mean free path, Phys. Rev. B 50, 5101–5109 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Keszei, T. Goulet, J.-P. Jay-Gerin: Probabilistic description of particle transport. II. Analysis of low-energy electron transmission through thin solid Xe and N2 films, Phys. Rev. A 37, 2183 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.C. Siegmann: Surface and 2-D magnetism with spin polarized cascade electrons, Surf. Sci. 307, 1076–1086 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Hong, D.L. Mills: Spin dependence of the inelastic electron mean free path in Fe and Ni: Explicit calculations and implications, Phys. Rev. B 62, 5589–5600 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: SPLEEM. In: Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures, ed. by H. Hopster, H.P. Oepen (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005) pp. 111–136

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Georgiev, A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer: Surface disordering without surface roughening, Phys. Rev. B 52, 2878–2888 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Rundgren: Electron inelastic mean free path, electron attenuation length, and low-energy electron-diffraction theory, Phys. Rev. B 59, 5106–5114 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Bartz: Über ein Elektronenmikroskop und ein Verfahren zur direkten Sichtbarmachung von isolierten Oberflächen. In: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electron Microsc., ed. by G. Mollenstedt (Springer, Berlin 1960) pp. 201–207

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Design of a new photo-emission/low-energy electron microscope for surface studies, Ultramicroscopy 36, 99–106 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • L.H. Veneklasen: Design of a spectroscopic low-energy electron microscope, Ultramicroscopy 36, 76–90 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, T. Franz, C. Koziol, G. Lilienkamp, T. Schmidt: Recent advances in LEEM/PEEM for structural and chemical analysis. In: Proc. NATO Adv. Res. Workshop Chem. Struct. Electron. Anal. Heterog. Surfaces Nanom. Scale, Trieste, ed. by R. Rosei (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1997) pp. 75–91

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, C. Koziol, G. Lilienkamp, T. Schmidt: Spectromicroscopy in a low energy electron microscope, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 84, 201–209 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Low energy electron microscopy, Rep. Prog. Phys. 57, 895–938 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Photoelectron spectromicroscopy: Present and future, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 114–116, 975–987 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M. Mankos, M.C. Reuter, A.W. Ellis, M. Copel: A new low energy electron microscope, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1189–1197 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Adamec, E. Bauer, B. Lencova: Compact low-energy electron microscope for surface imaging, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3583–3787 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Grzelakowski, E. Bauer: A flange-on type low energy electron microscope, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 742–747 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Liebl, B. Senftinger: Low-energy electron microscope of novel design, Ultramicroscopy 36, 91–98 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Sakai, M. Kato, S. Masuda, Y. Harada, T. Ichinokawa: Development of a low energy electron microscope with an energy analyzer, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1199–1211 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Grzelakowski: The novel surface science instrument: Double reflection electron emission microscope, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 3346–3350 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Rose, D. Preikszas: Outline of a versatile corrected LEEM, Optik 92, 31–44 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Preikszas, P. Hartel, R. Spehr, H. Rose: SMART electron optics. In: Proc. 12th Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc. EUREM 12, Vol. 2, ed. by L. Frank, F. Čiampor (Czech. Soc. Electron Microscopy, Brno 2000) pp. 181–184

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Fink, M.R. Weiss, E. Umbach, D. Preikszas, H. Rose, R. Spehr, P. Hartel, W. Engel, R. Degenhardt, R. Wichtendahl, H. Kuhlenbeck, W. Erlebach, K. Ihmann, R. Schlogl, H.J. Freund, A.M. Bradshaw, G. Lilienkamp, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer, G. Benner: SMART: A planned ultrahigh-resolution spectromicroscope for BESSY II, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 84, 231–250 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, U. Groh, R. Fink, E. Umbach, O. Schaff, W. Engel, B. Richter, H. Kuhlenbeck, R. Schlögl, H.-J. Freund, A.M. Bradshaw, D. Preikszas, P. Hartel, R. Spehr, H. Rose, G. Lilienkamp, E. Bauer, G. Benner: XPEEM with energy-filtering: Advantages and first results from the SMART project, Surf. Rev. Lett. 9, 223–232 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L.H. Veneklasen: The continuing development of low-energy electron microscopy for characterizing surfaces, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 5513–5532 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Chmelik, L. Veneklasen, G. Marx: Comparing cathode lens configurations for low energy electron microscopy, Optik 83, 155–160 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Archard, T. Mulvey: Magnetic deflexion of electron beams without astigmatism, J. Sci. Instrum. 35, 279–283 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Mankos, V. Kolařik, L.H. Veneklasen: Electron-optical properties of multiple magnetic prism systems, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 298, 189–198 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Kolařík, M. Mankos, L.H. Veneklasen: Close-packed prism arrays for electron microscopy, Optik 87, 1–12 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Degenhardt: Korrektur von Aberrationen in der Teilchenoptik mit Hilfe von Symmetrien, Ph.D. Thesis (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.-C. Kan, D. Auerbach, R.J. Phaneuf: Approach for investigating the astigmatism of a magnetic prism in low-energy electron microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 1008–1015 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.-C. Kan, T. Dürkop, R.J. Phaneuf: Comparison of stigmatically focusing magnetic prisms of square versus round symmetries, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2519–2525 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Müller, D. Preikszas, H. Rose: A beam separator with small aberrations, J. Electron Microsc. 48, 191–204 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Spehr, P. Hartel, H. Müller, D. Preikszas, H. Rose: Design and manufacturing of magnetic electron optical systems with midsection symmetry. In: Proc. 12th Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc., ed. by P. Čiampor, L. Frank (Czech. Soc. Electron Microscopy, Brno 2000), pp. I85/I86

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.K. Wu, D.S. Robin, E. Forest, R. Schlueter, S. Anders, J. Feng, H. Padmore, D.H. Wei: Design and analysis of beam separator magnets for third generation aberration compensated PEEMs, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 519, 230–241 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Swenson: Achromatic translation system for charged particle beams, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 35, 608 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Tsuno: Simulation of a Wien filter as beam separator in a low energy electron microscope, Ultramicroscopy 55, 127–140 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.K. Zworykin, G.A. Morton, E.G. Ramberg, J. Hillier, A.W. Vance: Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope (Wiley, New York 1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.G. Ramberg: Aberration correction with electron mirrors, J. Appl. Phys. 20, 183–186 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • W.P. Skoczylas, G.F. Rempfer, O.H. Griffith: A proposed modular imaging system for photoelectron and electron probe microscopy with aberration correction and for mirror microscopy and low-energy electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 36, 252–261 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Preikszas, H. Rose: Correction properties of electron mirrors, J. Electron Microsc. 46, 1–9 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Hartel, D. Preikszas, R. Spehr, H. Rose: Performance of the mirror corrector for an ultrahigh-resolution spectromicroscope. In: Proc. 12th Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc., ed. by P. Čiampor, L. Frank (Czech. Soc. Electron Microscopy, Brno 2000) pp. I153–I154

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Wan, J. Feng, H.A. Padmore, D.S. Robin: Simulation of a mirror corrector for PEEM3, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 519, 222–229 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Cherifi, R. Hertel, J. Kirschner, H. Wang, R. Belkhou, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer: Virgin domain structures in mesoscopic Co patterns: Comparison between simulation and experiment, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 043901 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps, E. Bauer: The \((7\times 7)\leftrightarrow(1\times 1)\) phase transition on Si(111), Surf. Sci. 162, 163–168 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps: Surface imaging with LEEM, Appl. Phys. A 44, 55–61 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Świȩch, E. Bauer, M. Mundschau: A low energy electron microscopy study of the system Si(111)-Au, Surf. Sci. 253, 283–296 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer: LEEM observation of formation of Cu nano-islands on Si(111) surface by hydrogen termination, Surf. Sci. 493, 381–388 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, W.F. Chung, C.H. Liu: LEEM phase contrast, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1129–1141 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Chung, M.S. Altman: Step contrast in low energy electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 74, 237–246 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Müller: Bildentstehung im LEEM, Ph.D. Thesis (TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Święch: Initial epitaxial growth of Cu on Mo{011} by low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 581–584 (1989)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, A. Pavlovska, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, S. Cherifi, R. Belkhou, E. Bauer: Imaging low-dimensional magnetism with slow electrons, Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 38–44 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, E. Bauer: Spin-resolved unoccupied electronic band structure from quantum size oscillations in the reflectivity of slow electrons from ultrathin ferromagnetic crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 166403 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman: Low energy electron microscopy of quantum well resonances in Ag films on W(110), J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 1305–1310 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.Z. Wu, A.K. Schmid, M.S. Altman, X.F. Jin, Z.Q. Qiu: Spin-dependent Fabry-Pérot interference from a Cu thin film grown on fcc Co(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 027201 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, W.F. Chung, Z.Q. He, H.C. Poon, S.Y. Tong: Quantum size effect in low energy electron diffraction of thin films, Appl. Surf. Sci. 169/170, 82–87 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Chung, Y.J. Feng, H.C. Poon, C.T. Chan, S.Y. Tong, M.S. Altman: Layer spacings in coherently strained epitaxial metal films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 216105 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Man, Z.Q. Qiu, M.S. Altman: Kinetic limitations in electronic growth of Ag films on Fe(100), Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 236104 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Witt: Untersuchungen 2-dimensionaler Phasenübergänge mit einem hochauflösenden LEED-Diffraktometer, Ph.D. Thesis (TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Phase transitions on single crystal surfaces and in chemisorbed layers. In: Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces II, Topics in Current Physics, Vol. 43, ed. by W. Schommers, P.V. Blanckenhagen (Springer, Berlin 1987) pp. 115–179

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps, E. Bauer: Kinetics of the \((7\times 7)\leftrightarrow(1\times 1)\) transition on Si(111), Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 90, 197–200 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, M. Mundschau, W. Swiech, W. Telieps: Low energy electron microscopy of semiconductor surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9, 1007–1013 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, N.C. Bartelt, E.D. Williams, W. Swiech, E. Bauer: LEEM investigations of the domain growth of the (\(7\times 7\)) reconstruction on Si(111), Surf. Sci. 268, 227–237 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, H. Hibino, N.C. Bartelt, B.S. Swartzentruber, T. Ogino, G.L. Kellogg: Dynamics of the silicon (111) surface phase transition, Nature 405, 552–554 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Hibino, C.W. Hu, T. Ogino, I.S.T. Tsong: Decay kinetics of two-dimensional islands and holes on Si(111) studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Phys. Rev. B 63, 245402 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, J. Tersoff, R.M. Tromp: Phase coexistence during surface phase transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4871–4874 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.W. Hu, H. Hibino, T. Ogino, I.S.T. Tsong: Hysteresis in the \((1\times 1)-(7\times 7)\) first-order phase transition on the Si(111) surface, Surf. Sci. 487, 191–200 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, R.M. Tromp: Phase boundary fluctuations on Si(111), J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 19, 2596–2600 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Hibino, C.-W. Hu, T. Ogino, I.S.T. Tsong: Diffusion barrier caused by $$1\times 1$$ and $$7\times 7$$ on Si(111) during phase transition, Phys. Rev. B 64, 245401 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, J. Tersoff, R.M. Tromp: Surface stress and thermodynamic nanoscale size selection, Science 295, 299–301 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, J. Tersoff, R.M. Tromp: The stability of triangular ‘Droplet' phases on Si(111), J. Cryst. Growth 237–239, 181–187 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: Influence of supersaturation on surface structure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266103 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Hibino, Y. Homma, C.W. Hu, M. Uwaha, T. Ogino, I.S.T. Tsong: Structural and morphological changes on surfaces with multiple phases studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Appl. Surf. Sci. 237, 51–57 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, J.B. Hannon: Thermodynamics of nucleation and growth, Surf. Rev. Lett. 9, 1565–1593 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, R.M. Tromp: Low-energy electron microscopy of surface phase transitions, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 33, 263–288 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, W. Święch, N.C. Bartelt, E.D. Williams, E. Bauer: LEEM investigations of orientational phase separation on vicinal Si(111) surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2986–2989 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E.D. Williams, R.J. Phaneuf, N.C. Bartelt, W. Święch, E. Bauer: The role of surface stress in the facetting of stepped Si(111) surfaces, MRS Proceedings 238, 219–227 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, N.C. Bartelt, E.D. Williams, W. Święch, E. Bauer: Crossover from metastable to unstable facet growth on Si(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2284–2287 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, W.F. Chung, T. Franz: LEEM determination of critical terrace widths for Si/Si(111) step flow growth, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 27–30 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Chung, M.S. Altman: Kinetic length, step permeability, and kinetic coefficient asymmetry on the Si(111) (\(7\times 7\)) surface, Phys. Rev. B 66, 075338 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Chung, K. Bromann, M.S. Altman: The transition to step flow growth on the clean and surfactant covered Si(111) surface studied by in-situ LEEM, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 16, 4353–4362 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Hibino, Y. Watanabe: Growth of twinned epitaxial layers on Si(111)\(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}\)-B studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 358–364 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Telieps, W. Święch: Atomic steps on Si{100} and step dynamics during sublimation studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 223, 413–423 (1989)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Telieps, W. Święch: Atomic step and defect structure on surfaces of Si{100} and Si{111} observed by low-energy electron microscopy, Philos. Mag. A 61, 257–280 (1990)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, M. Mundschau, W. Swiech, W. Telieps: Low energy electron microscopy of surface processes, Vacuum 41, 5–10 (1990)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Święch, E. Bauer: The growth of Si on Si(100): A video-LEEM study, Surf. Sci. 255, 219–228 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Low energy electron microscopy of surface processes, Appl. Surf. Sci. 60/61, 350–358 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Wavy steps on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 820–823 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Step morphologies on small-miscut Si(001) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 47, 7598–7601 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N.C. Bartelt, R.M. Tromp, E.D. Williams: Step capillary waves and equilibrium island shapes on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1656–1659 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Theis, N.C. Bartelt, R.M. Tromp: Chemical potential maps and spatial correlations in 2-D-island ripening on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3328–3331 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Theis, R.M. Tromp: Nucleation in Si(001) homoepitaxial growth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2770–2773 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Tanaka, C.C. Umbach, J.M. Blakely, R.M. Tromp, M. Mankos: Fabrication of arrays of large stepfree regions on Si(001), Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1235–1237 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N.C. Bartelt, R.M. Tromp: Low-energy electron microscopy study of step mobilities on Si(001), Phys. Rev. B 54, 11731–11740 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N.C. Bartelt, W. Theis, R.M. Tromp: Ostwald ripening of two-dimensional islands on Si(001), Phys. Rev. B 54, 11741–11751 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Tanaka, N.C. Bartelt, C.C. Umbach, R.M. Tromp, J.M. Blakely: Step permeability and the relaxation of biperiodic gratings on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3342–3345 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Tanaka, C.C. Umbach, J.M. Blakely, R.M. Tromp, M. Mankos: Atomic step distributions on annealed periodic Si(001) gratings, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 15, 1345–1350 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M. Mankos: Thermal adatoms on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1050–1053 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Blakely, S. Tanaka, R.M. Tromp: Atomic step dynamics on periodic semiconductor surface structures, J. Electron Microsc. 48, 747–752 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.-F. Nielsen, J.P. Pelz, H. Hibino, C.-W. Hu, I.S.T. Tsong: Enhanced terrace stability for preparation of step-free Si(001)-(\(2\times 1\)) surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 136103 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Zielasek, F. Liu, Y. Zhao, J.B. Maxson, M.G. Lagally: Surface stress-induced island shape transition in Si(001) homoepitaxy, Phys. Rev. B 64, 201320 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Wurm, R. Kliese, Y. Hong, B. Röttger, Y. Wei, H. Neddermeyer, I.S.T. Tsong: Evolution of surface morphology of Si(100)-(\(2\times 1\)) during oxygen adsorption at elevated temperatures, Phys. Rev. B 50, 1567–1574 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, M.C. Bartelt, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Etching of the Si(001) surface with molecular oxygen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4676–4679 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, G.L. Kellogg, M.C. Bartelt, N.C. Bartelt: Quantitative analysis of the evolution of surface growth morphology in LEEM, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1151 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, A.W. Denier van der Gon, M.C. Reuter: Surface stress as a driving force for interfacial mixing, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2313–2316 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.E. Jones, J.P. Pelz, Y. Hong, E. Bauer, I.S.T. Tsong: Striped phase and temperature dependent step shape transition on highly B-doped Si(001)-(\(2\times 1\)) surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 330–333 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons (Springer, New York 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, N.C. Bartelt, B.S. Swartzentruber, J.C. Hamilton, G.L. Kellogg: Step faceting at the (001) surface of boron doped silicon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4226–4229 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, B.S. Swartzentruber, G.L. Kellogg, N.C. Bartelt: LEEM measurments of step energies at the (001) surface of heavily boron-doped silicon, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1159–1165 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.-F. Nielsen, J.P. Pelz, H. Hibino, C.-W. Hu, I.S.T. Tsong, J. Kouvetakis: Controlled striped phase formation on ultraflat Si(001) surfaces during diborane exposure, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3857–3859 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, M.G. Lagally: Quantitative determination of dislocation-induced strain at the surface of (001) silicon-on-insulator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1490–1493 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, W. Theis, N.C. Bartelt: Real-time microscopy of two-dimensional critical fluctuations: Disordering of the Si(113)-(\(3\times 1\)) reconstruction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2522–2525 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Swiech, T. Schwarz-Selinger, D.G. Cahill: Phase coexistence and morphology at the Si(110) surface phase transition, Surf. Sci. 519, L599–L603 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Watanabe, S. Kodambaka, W. Swiech, J.E. Greene, D.G. Cahill: LEEM study of island decay on Si(110), Surf. Sci. 572, 425–432 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. van Vroonhoven, H.J.W. Zandvliet, B. Poelsema: \((2\times 1)-(1\times 1)\) phase transition on Ge(001): Dimer breakup and surface roughening, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 116102 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Local dimer exchange in surfactant-mediated epitaxial growth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 954–957 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, E. Mateeva, M.G. Lagally: Si growth on partially relaxed Ge islands, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 16, 1560–1563 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, M.G. Lagally: Embedding of nanoscale 3-D SiGe islands in a Si matrix, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3471–3474 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, E. Mateeva, J.S. Sullivan, M.G. Lagally: Low-energy electron microscopy of nanoscale three-dimensional SiGe islands on Si(100), Thin Solid Films 336, 262–270 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.M. Ross, R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Transition states between pyramids and domes during Ge/Si island growth, Science 286, 1931–1934 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, M.G. Lagally: Nucleationless three-dimensional island formation in low-misfit heteroepitaxy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4637–4640 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, F.M. Ross, M.C. Reuter: Instability-driven SiGe island growth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4641–4644 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Maxson, D.E. Savage, F. Liu, R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter, M.G. Lagally: Thermal roughening of a thin film: A new type of roughening transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2152–2155 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Sutter, M.G. Lagally: Nucleationless island formation in SiGe/Si(100) heteroepitaxy, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 89, 45–48 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Hannon, M. Copel, R. Stumpf, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: Critical role of surface steps in the alloying of Ge on Si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 216104 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, F.M. Ross: Advances in in situ ultra-high vacuum electron microscopy: Growth of SiGe on Si, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, 431–449 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.W. Dernier van der Gon, R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Low energy electron microscopy studies of Ge and Ag growth on Si(111), Thin Solid Films 236, 140–145 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, E. Bauer: LEEM and LEED study of the growth of Ge on the Si(113) surface, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2496–2499 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Falta, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: Growth modes of Ge on GaAs(001), Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1680–1682 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, M. Mundschau, W. Swiech: Low energy electron microscopy of nanometer scale phenomena, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 403–406 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Horn-von Hoegen, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, D. Kaehler, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer: Adsorption induced giant faceting of vicinal Si(100), Thin Solid Films 336, 16–21 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, D. Kähler, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer, M. Copel, H. Minoda, M. Horn-von Hoegen: Giant faceting of vicinal Si(001) induced by Au adsorption, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1167–1178 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Horn-von Hoegen, F.-J. Meyer zu Hennigdorf, R. Hild, P. Zahl, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer: Au-induced giant faceting of vicinal Si(100), Surf. Sci. 433-435, 475–480 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, R. Hild, P. Zahl, T. Schmidt, B. Ressel, S. Heun, E. Bauer, M. Horn-von Hoegen: Local Au coverage as driving force for Au induced faceting of vicinal Si(001): A LEEM and XPEEM study, Surf. Sci. 480, 103–108 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.W. Dernier van der Gon, R.M. Tromp: Phase formation sequence and domain structure: A low-energy-electron-microscopy study of the Si(111)-(\(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}\)) Ag surface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3519–3522 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Tersoff, A.W. Dernier van der Gon, R.M. Tromp: Shape oscillations in growth of small crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1143–1146 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, A.W. Denier van der Gon, F.K. LeGoues, M.C. Reuter: Observation of buried interfaces with low energy electron microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3299–3302 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W.X. Tang, K.L. Man, H. Huang, C.H. Woo, M.S. Altman: Growth shapes of Ag crystallites on the Si(111) surface, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2492–2495 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Tersoff, R.M. Tromp: Shape transition in growth of strained islands: Spontaneous formation of quantum wires, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2782–2785 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Michely, M.C. Reuter, M. Copel, R.M. Tromp: Symmetry, structure, and step induced ordering of the Si(001)-(\(2\times 3\))Ag surface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2095–2098 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, T. Michely: Atomic-layer titration of surface reactions, Nature 373, 499–501 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B.Q. Li, W. Swiech, J.A. Venables, J.M. Zuo: A LEEM study of bamboo-like growth of Ag crystals on Si(001) surfaces, Surf. Sci. 569, 142–148 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.R. Roos, K.L. Roos, M. Horn-von Hoegen, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf: High temperature self-assembly of Ag nanowires on vicinal Si(001), J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, S1407–S1414 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Telieps, W. Święch: Initial epitaxial growth of copper silicide on Si(111) studied by low energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 4747–4752 (1989)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer: Dynamic LEEM observation of Cu nanostructure formation processes on Si(111) with hydrogen, Surf. Rev. Lett. 7, 595–599 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer: Dynamic observations of the formation of thin Cu layers on clean and hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces, Surf. Sci. 480, 118–127 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Kuroiwa, Y. Fukushima, P. Rajasekar, H. Neddermeyer, M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa: Copper nanostructure formation and structure analysis on hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surface, Surf. Interface Anal. 35, 24–28 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Michely, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: Al on Si(111): Phase diagram and atomic mechanisms, Phys. Rev. B 53, 4105–4108 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, E. Bauer: Interfactant-mediated quasi-Frank-van der Merwe growth of Pb on Si(111), Phys. Rev. B 62, 15815–15825 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, B. Ressel, S. Heun, K.C. Prince, E. Bauer: Growth of thin metal films studied by spectromicroscopy. In: Proc. 6th Int. Conf. X-ray Microsc., ed. by W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Altwood (AIP Melville, New York 2000) pp. 27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, E. Bauer: Influence of interfactants on thin metal film growth, Surf. Sci. 480, 137–144 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Li, C. Koziol, K. Wurm, Y. Hong, E. Bauer, I.S.T. Tsong: Surface morphology of Pb overlayers grown on Si(100)-(\(2\times 1\)), Phys. Rev. B 50, 10834–10842 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer: Self-assembled parallel mesoscopic Pb-wires on Au-modified Si(533) substrates, Prog. Surf. Sci. 67, 79–97 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer: Growth of metallic nanowires on anisotropic Si substrates: Pb on vicinal Si(001), Si(755), Si(533) and Si(110), Surf. Sci. 480, 109–117 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, M. Giesen: Low energy electron microscopy study of in on Si(111), J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2478–2491 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer: Surface reconstructions in two and three dimensions: In on Si(111), Surf. Interface Anal. 37, 110–114 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.A. McKay, R.M. Feenstra: Low energy electron microscopy of indium on Si(001) surfaces, Surf. Sci. 547, 127–138 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Epitaxial growth studies by low energy electron microscopy, Scanning Microsc. 8(4), 765–772 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, Y. Hong, S. Horch, P.A. Bennett: Two dimensional phase separation for Co adsorbed on Si(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4605–4608 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, Y. Hong, S. Horch, P.A. Bennett: Observations of reversible and irreversible structural transitions of cobalt on Si(111) with LEEM, Micron 30, 13–20 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Phaneuf, P.A. Bennett, M. Marsi, S. Gunther, L. Gregoratti, L. Casalis, M. Kiskinova: Equilibration of ring-cluster surface phases and silicide islands for Co adsorbed on Si(111), Surf. Sci. 431, 232–241 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.A. Bennett, M.Y. Lee, S.A. Parikh, K. Wurm, R.J. Phaneuf: Surface phase transformations in the Ni/Si(111) system observed in real time using low-energy electron microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13, 1728–1732 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.A. Bennett, B. Ashcroft, Z. He, R.M. Tromp: Growth dynamics of titanium silicide nanowires observed with low-energy electron microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2500–2504 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, M.C. Reuter: Kinetic instability in the growth of CaF2 on Si(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 110–113 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Tromp, F.K. LeGoues, M.C. Reuter: Strain relief during growth: CaF2 on Si(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2706–2709 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, Y. Wei, T. Müller, A. Pavlovska, I.S.T. Tsong: Reactive crystal growth in two dimensions: Silicon nitride on Si(111), Phys. Rev. B 51, 17891–17901 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, D.J. Smith: In situ studies of the role of excess Ga on the growth morphology of thin GaN layers, Surf. Sci. 496, 160–178 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Maxson, N. Perkins, D.E. Savage, A.R. Woll, L. Zhang, T.F. Kuech, M.G. Lagally: Novel dark-field imaging of GaN{0001} surfaces with low-energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 464, 217–222 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, V.M. Torres, J.L. Edwards, E. Bauer, D.J. Smith, R.B. Doak, I.S.T. Tsong, D.B. Thomson, R.F. Davis: Homoepitaxial GaN layers studied by low-energy electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy transmission electron microscopy, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 176, 469–473 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer: Wetting and reactive thin film growth, Surf. Sci. 480, 128–136 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, V.M. Torres, J.L. Edwards, R.B. Doak, I.S.T. Tsong, V. Ramachadran, F.M. Feenstra: In situ real-time studies of GaN growth on 6H-SiC(0001) by low energy electron microscopy (LEEM), J. Cryst. Growth 189/190, 310–316 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer: Low energy electron microscopy studies of the growth of GaN on 6H-SiC(0001), Surf. Rev. Lett. 8, 337–346 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.W. Hu, D.J. Smith, R.B. Doak, I.S.T. Tsong: Morphological control of GaN buffer layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on 6H-SiC(0001), Surf. Rev. Lett. 7, 565–570 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Święch: Defects on the surface of Mo{011} observed by low-energy electron microscopy, Philos. Mag. A 59, 217–226 (1989)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Święch, M. Mundschau, C.P. Flynn: Interfacial defects in thin refractory metal films imaged by low-energy electron microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2626–2628 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Święch, M. Mundschau, C.P. Flynn: Characterization of single crystal films of molybdenum (011) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire (\(11\bar{2}0\)) and studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 437, 61–74 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, W. Święch, C.S. Durfee, C.P. Flynn: Slip propagation in epitaxial Mo (011) studied by low-energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 440, L831–L834 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, G. Yang, C.P. Flynn: Low energy electron microscopy studies of steps on single crystal thin films of refractory metals, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2473–2477 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, C.S. Durfee, C.P. Flynn: Step fluctuations and step interactions on Mo(011), Surf. Sci. 541, 31–45 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, C.P. Flynn: Studies of step stiffnesses and relaxation on Pt(111), Pd(111) and Mo(011), Surf. Sci. 566, 160–164 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.P. Flynn, W. Święch: Periodic states in the constrained equilibrium of vicinal Nb(011) miscut along [100], Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3482–3485 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.P. Flynn, W. Święch, R.S. Appleton, M. Ondrejcek: Nanofaceting of vicinal Nb(011), Phys. Rev. B 62, 2096–2107 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Appleton, W. Swiech, M. Ondrejcek, C.P. Flynn: Studies of threading dislocations in Nb(011) films, Philos. Mag. A 83, 1639–1651 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.P. Flynn, M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech: Capillary waves and thermodynamics of multisteps on Pt(111), Chem. Phys. Lett. 378, 161–166 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, G. Yang, C.P. Flynn: Crossover from bulk to surface diffusion in the fluctuations of step edges on Pt(111), Philos. Mag. Lett. 84, 69–77 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Poelsema, J.B. Hannon, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Bulk-surface vacancy exchange on Pt(111), Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2551–2553 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, M. Rajappan, C.P. Flynn: Ripples formed in the sputter erosion of Pd(111), J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, L735–L742 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Kellogg, N.C. Bartelt: Surface-diffusion-limited island decay on Rh(001), Surf. Sci. 577, 151–157 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, M. Rajappan, W. Swiech, C.P. Flynn: Step fluctuation spectroscopy of Au(111) by LEEM, Surf. Sci. 574, 111–122 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps, M. Mundschau, E. Bauer: Dark field imaging with LEEM, Optik 77, 93–97 (1987)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Telieps, M. Mundschau, E. Bauer: Surface domain structure of reconstructed Au(100) observed by dark field low energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 225, 87–96 (1990)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Tersoff, A.W. Denier van der Gon, R.M. Tromp: Critical island size for layer-by-layer growth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 266–269 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Gerlach, T. Maroutian, L. Douillard, D. Martinotti, H.J. Ernst: A novel method to determine the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, Surf. Sci. 480, 97–102 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, S. Chiang, P. Statiris, T. Gustafsson, E. Bauer: Stress-induced microfacetted reconstructions of the Pb(110) surface. In: The Structure of Surfaces, Vol. IV, ed. by X.D. Xi, S.Y. Tong, M.A. van Hove (World Scientific, Singapore 1994) pp. 183–191

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, E. Bauer: Reconstructions of the Pb(110) surface studied by low energy electron microscopy, Surf. Sci. 344, 51–64 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty, J.A. Nobel, N.C. Bartelt: Vacancies in solids and the stability of surface morphology, Nature 412, 622–625 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Święch: Modification of atomic steps by adsorbates observed by low energy electron microscopy and photoemission microscopy, Catal. Lett. 1, 405–412 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Ultrathin metal films: From one to three dimensions, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95, 1315–1325 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E.Z. Luo, Q. Cai, W.F. Chung, B.G. Orr, M.S. Altman: Competing desorption pathways during epitaxial growth: LEEM investigation of Cu/W(110) heteroepitaxy, Phys. Rev. B 54, 14673 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I.K.H. Man, M.S. Altman: Low-energy electron microscopy of layer spacings and quantum electronic structure of ultrathin films, Surf. Interface Anal. 37, 235–238 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Aballe, A. Barinov, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, S. Cherifi, M. Kiskinova: Spectromicroscopy of ultrathin Pd films on W(110): Interplay of morphology and electronic structure, Appl. Surf. Sci. 238, 138–142 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W.L. Ling, T. Giessel, K. Thürmer, R.Q. Hwang, N.C. Bartelt, K.F. McCarty: Crucial role of substrate steps in de-wetting of crystalline thin films, Surf. Sci. 570, L297–L303 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Pelhos, J.B. Hannon, G.L. Kellogg, T.E. Madey: LEEM investigation of the faceting of the Pt covered W(111) surface, Surf. Sci. 432, 115–124 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Pelhos, J.B. Hannon, G.L. Kellogg, T.E. Madey: Nucleation and growth of the platinum-covered W(111) surface, Surf. Rev. Lett. 6, 767–774 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Wu, W.K. Lau, Z.Q. He, Y.J. Feng, M.S. Altman, C.T. Chan: Ordered alloying of Pd with the Mo(100) surface, Phys. Rev. B 62, 8366–8375 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Schmid, N.C. Bartelt, R.Q. Hwang: Alloying at surfaces by the migration of reactive two-dimensional islands, Science 290, 1561–1564 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Kellogg, R. Plass: The relationship between the growth shape of three-dimensional Pb islands on Cu(100) and the domain orientation of the underlying C($$5\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}$$)R45 structure, Surf. Sci. 465, L777–L782 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Plass, G.L. Kellogg: Surface morphology changes during Pb deposition on Cu(100): Evidence for surface alloyed Cu(100)-c(\(2\times 2\)) Pb, Surf. Sci. 470, 106–120 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Kellogg, R.A. Plass: Mesoscopic scale observations of surface alloying, surface phase transitions, domain coarsening, and 3-D island growth: Pb on Cu(100), Surf. Rev. Lett. 7, 649–655 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Plass, J.A. Last, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Nanostructures: Self-assembled domain patterns, Nature 412, 875 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Plass, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Dynamic observations of nanoscale self-assembly on solid surfaces, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, 4227–4240 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. van Gastel, R. Plass, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Thermal motion and energetics of self-assembled domain structures: Pb on Cu(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 055503 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. van Gastel, N.C. Bartelt, P.J. Feibelman, F. Léonard, G.L. Kellogg: Relationship between domain-boundary free energy and the temperature dependence of stress-domain patterns of Pb on Cu(111), Phys. Rev. B 70, 245413 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Léonard, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg: Effects of elastic anisotropy on the periodicity and orientation of striped stress domain patterns at solid surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 71, 045416 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Kellogg: Surface alloying and de-alloying of Pb on single-crystal Cu surfaces. In: The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces, ed. by D.P. Woodruff (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2002) pp. 152–183

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, Q. Cai, W.F. Chung, E.Z. Luo, H. Pinkvos, E. Bauer: Role of surface steps in thin film growth and properties studied by LEEM, MRS Proceedings 355, 235 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.Z. Luo, Q. Cai, W.F. Chung, M.S. Altman: Interface effects in melting of Pb clusters on the Cu(111) surface, Appl. Surf. Sci. 92, 331–334 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Schmidt, A. Schaak, S.G. Guenther, B. Ressel, E. Bauer, R. Imbihl: In situ imaging of structural changes in a chemical wave with low energy electron microscopy: The system Rh(110)/NO\(+\)H2, Chem. Phys. Lett. 318, 549–554 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, E. Bauer: The reaction of oxygen with the hot W(001) surface studied by low-energy electron microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9, 659–660 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, E. Bauer: LEEM/LEED investigation of reconstruction and initial oxidation of the W(001), Surf. Sci. 347, 265–279 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ondrejcek, R.S. Appleton, W. Swiech, V.L. Petrova, C.P. Flynn: Thermally activated stripe reconstruction induced by O on Nb(011), Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 116102 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty: Imaging the crystallization and growth of oxide domains on the NiAl(110) surface, Surf. Sci. 474, L165–L172 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Rausenberger, W. Świȩch, W. Engel, A.M. Bradshaw, E. Zeitler: LEEM and selected-area LEED studies of reaction front propagation, Surf. Sci. 287/288, 235–240 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Rausenberger, W. Swiech, C.S. Rastomjee, M. Mundschau, W. Engel, E. Zeitler, A.M. Bradshaw: Imaging reaction-diffusion fronts with low-energy electron microscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 215, 109–113 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Schmid, W. Świȩch, C.S. Rastomjee, B. Rausenberger, W. Engel, E. Zeitler, A.M. Bradshaw: The chemistry of reaction-diffusion fronts investigated by microscopic LEED I–V fingerprinting, Surf. Sci. 331–333, 225–230 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Rausenberger, W. Swiech, A.K. Schmid, C.S. Rastomjee, W. Engel, A.M. Bradshaw: Investigation of the NO+H2 reaction on Pt(100) with low-energy electron microscopy, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94, 963–970 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.C. Rose, B. Berton, R. Imbihl, W. Engel, A.M. Bradshaw: Pattern formation in an oscillatory medium with memory effects: Reversible roughening in a surface reaction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3427 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Wei, G. Lilienkamp, R. Imbihl: Surface topographical changes and chemical wave patterns in catalytic CO oxidation on Pt(110), Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 284–288 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Marbach, G. Lilienkamp, H. Wei, S. Günther, Y. Suchorski, R. Imbihl: Ordered phases in alkali redistribution during a catalytic surface reaction, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 2730–2735 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, S. Heun, M. Kiskinova: Direct observation of reaction-induced lateral redistribution of sub-monolayers of Au deposited on a Rh(110) surface, Surf. Sci. 566-568, 1130–1136 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty, N.C. Bartelt: Role of bulk thermal defects in the reconstruction dynamics of the TiO2(110) surface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 046104 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty, N.C. Bartelt: The $$1\times 1/1\times 2$$ phase transition of the TiO2(110) surface—Variation of transition temperature with crystal composition, Surf. Sci. 527, L203–L212 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty, N.C. Bartelt: Spatially resolved dynamics of the TiO2(110) surface reconstruction, Surf. Sci. 540, 157–171 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. McCarty: Growth regimes of the oxygen-deficient TiO2(110) surface exposed to oxygen, Surf. Sci. 543, 185–206 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Kodambaka, S.V. Khare, W. Święch, K. Ohmori, I. Petrov, J.E. Greene: Dislocation-driven surface dynamics on solids, Nature 429, 49–52 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Kodambaka, N. Israeli, J. Bareño, W. Święch, K. Ohmori, I. Petrov, J.E. Greene: Low-energy electron microscopy studies of interlayer mass transport kinetics on TiN(111), Surf. Sci. 560, 53–62 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: Growth dynamics of pentacene thin films, Nature 412, 517–520 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, M.C. Reuter, R.M. Tromp: The nucleation of pentacene thin films, Appl. Phys. A 78, 787–791 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Harada, S. Yamamoto, M. Aoki, S. Masuda, T. Ichinokawa, M. Kato, Y. Sakai: Surface spectroscopy with high spatial resolution using metastable atoms, Nature 372, 657–659 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Yamamoto, S. Masuda, H. Yasufuku, N. Ueno, Y. Harada, T. Ichinokawa, M. Kato, Y. Sakai: Study of solid surfaces by metastable electron emission microscopy: Energy-filtered images and local electron spectra at the outermost surface layer of silicon oxide on Si(100), J. Appl. Phys. 82, 2954–2960 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Lilienkamp, H. Wei, W. Maus-Friedrichs, V. Kempter, H. Marbach, S. Günther, Y. Suchorski: Metastable impact electron emission microscopy of the catalytic H2 oxidation on Rh(110), Surf. Sci. 532–535, 132–136 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Pierce: Spin-polarized electron sources. In: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics: Charged Particles, Methods in Experimental Physics, Vol. 29A, ed. by F.B. Dunning, R.G. Hulet (Academic Press, San Diego 1995) pp. 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Jin, A.A.C. Cotta, G. Chen, A.T. N'Diaye, A.K. Schmid, N. Yamamoto: Low energy electron microscopy and auger electron spectroscopy studies of Cs-O activation layer on p-type GaAs photocathode, J. Appl. Phys. 116, 174509 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Nishitani, T. Nakanishi, M. Yamamoto, S. Okumi, F. Furuta, M. Miyamoto, M. Kuwahara, N. Yamamoto, K. Naniwa, O. Watanabe, Y. Takeda, H. Kobayakawa, Y. Takashima, H. Horinaka, T. Matsuyama, K. Togawa, T. Saka, M. Tawada, T. Omori, Y. Kurihara, M. Yoshioka, K. Kato, T. Baba: Highly polarized electrons from GaAs-GaAsP and InGaAs-AlGaAs strained-layer superlattice photocathodes, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 094907 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Jin, N. Yamamoto, Y. Nakagawa, A. Mano, T. Kato, M. Tanioku, T. Ujihara, Y. Takeda, S. Okumi, M. Yamamoto, T. Nakanishi, T. Saka, H. Horinaka, T. Kato, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa: Super-high brightness and high-spin-polarization photocathode, Appl. Phys. Express 1, 0450023 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Jin, B. Ozdol, M. Yamamoto, A. Mano, N. Yamamoto, Y. Takeda: Effect of crystal quality on performance of spin-polarized photocathode, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 203509 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: A compact electron spin polarization manipulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2861–2864 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Pinkvos, H. Poppa, E. Bauer, G.-M. Kim: A time-resolved SPLEEM study of magnetic microstructure in ultrathin Co films on W(110). In: Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimensions, ed. by R.F.C. Farrow, B. Dieny, M. Donath, A. Fert, B.D. Hermsmeier (Plenum, New York 1993) pp. 25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, I. Hurst, G. Marx, H. Pinkvos, H. Poppa, E. Bauer: Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy of surface magnetic structure, MRS Proceedings 232, 125 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Pinkvos, H. Poppa, E. Bauer, J. Hurst: A spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy study of the magnetic microstructure of ultrathin epitaxial cobalt films on W(110), Ultramicroscopy 47, 339–345 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Poppa, H. Pinkvos, K. Wurm, E. Bauer: Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM) of single and combined layers of Co, Cu, and Pd on W(110), MRS Proceedings 313, 219 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Altman, H. Pinkvos, E. Bauer: Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy for thin film magnetism and microstructure, J. Magn. Soc. Jpn. 19, 129–134 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, T. Duden, H. Pinkvos, H. Poppa, K. Wurm: LEEM studies of the microstructure and magnetic domain structure of ultrathin films, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 156, 1–6 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Grzelakowski, T. Duden, E. Bauer, H. Poppa, S. Chiang: A new surface microscope for magnetic imaging, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4500–4502 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Suzuki, M. Hashimoto, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, Y. Nakagawa, T. Konomi, A. Mano, N. Yamamoto, M. Kuwahara, M. Yamamoto, S. Okumi, T. Nakanishi, X. Jin, T. Ujihara, Y. Takeda, T. Kohashi, T. Ohshima, T. Saka, T. Kato, H. Horinaka: Real time magnetic imaging by spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy with highly spin-polarized and high brightness electron gun, Appl. Phys. Express 3, 026601 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Yasue, M. Suzuki, K. Tsuno, S. Goto, Y. Arai, T. Koshikawa: Novel multipole Wien filter as three-dimensional spin manipulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 043701 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1213–1220 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM). In: Novel Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials, ed. by Y. Zhu (Kluwer Academic, Boston 2005) pp. 361–379

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy. In: The Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials, Vol. 3, ed. by H. Kronmüller, S. Parkin (Wiley, Chichester 2007) pp. 1470–1487

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Rougemaille, A.K. Schmid: Magnetic imaging with spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 20101 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer: Spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy. In: Handbook of Nanoscopy, ed. by G. van Tandeloo, D. van Dyck, S.J. Pennycook (Wiley, Weinheim 2012) pp. 697–707

    Google Scholar 

  • E.D. Tober, G. Witte, H. Poppa: Variable temperature and ex-situ spin-polarized low-energy electron microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 18, 1845 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy of ferromagnetic layers, J. Electron Microsc. 47, 379–385 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Influence of Au and Cu over layers on the magnetic structure of Co films on W(110), Phys. Rev. B 59, 468–473 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, E. Bauer: Spin dependent quantum size effects in the electron reflectivity of ultrathin ferromagnetic crystals, Surf. Rev. Lett. 9, 1485–1491 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, E. Bauer: Spin-resolved inelastic mean free path of slow electrons in Fe, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25, 272201 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.Z. Wu, A.K. Schmid, Z.Q. Qiu: Spin-dependent quantum interference from epitaxial MgO thin films on Fe(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 217205 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Magnetization wrinkle in thin ferromagnetic films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2308–2311 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Magnetic domain structure and spin reorientation transition in the system Co/Au/W(110), MRS Proceedings 475, 283 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. El Gabaly, S. Gallego, C. Muñoz, L. Szunyogh, P. Weinberger, C. Klein, A.K. Schmid, K.F. McCarty, J. de la Figuera: Imaging spin-reorientation transitions in consecutive atomic Co layers on Ru(0001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 147202 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Klein, R. Ramchal, M. Farle, A.K. Schmid: Direct imaging of spin-reorientation transitions in ultrathin Ni films by spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1550–1553 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Klein, R. Ramchal, A.K. Schmid, M. Farle: Controlling the kinetic order of spin-reorientation transitions in Ni/Cu(100) films by tuning the substrate step structure, Phys. Rev. B 75, 193405 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. El Gabaly, K.F. McCarty, A.K. Schmid, J. de la Figuera, M.C. Muñoz, L. Szunyogh, P. Weinberger, S. Gallego: Noble metal capping effects on the spin-reorientation transitions of Co/Ru(0001), New J. Phys. 10, 073024 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Santos, S. Galego, A. Mascaraque, K.F. McCarty, A. Quesada, A.T. N'Diaye, A.K. Schmid, J. de la Figuera: Hydrogen-induced reversible spin-reorientation transition and magnetic stripe domain phase in bilayer Co on Ru(0001), Phys. Rev. B 85, 134409 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, M.S. Altman: Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy of quantum well resonances in Fe films on the Cu-covered W(110) surface, Ultramicroscopy 130, 109–114 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, M.S. Altman: Probing buried magnetic interface structure with the quantum size effect in spin-dependent electron reflectivity, Ultramicroscopy 159, 530–535 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Man, M.S. Altman, H. Poppa: Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy investigations of magnetic transitions in Fe/Cu(100), Surf. Sci. 480, 163–172 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Man, W.L. Ling, S.Y. Paik, H. Poppa, M.S. Altman, Z.Q. Qiu: Modification of initial growth and magnetism in Fe/Cu(100), Phys. Rev. B 65, 024409 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Poppa, E.D. Tober, A.K. Schmid: In situ observation of magnetic domain pattern evolution in applied fields by spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 6932–6934 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, E. Bauer: Magnetic domain structure and spin reorientation transition in ultrathin Fe-Co alloy films, Phys. Rev. B 67, 134420 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, S. Cherifi, R. Belkhou, E. Bauer: Nanomagnetism studies with spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism photo emission electron microscopy, Surf. Interface Anal. 27, 239–243 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Ji, Z. Wang, Q. Wu, L. Huang, M.S. Altman: Controlling magnetic interfaces using ordered surface alloys, Phys. Rev. B 94, 134425 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, R. Zdyb, M. Altman, E. Bauer: Micromagnetic and microcrystalline structure of ultrathin co layers on W single crystal surfaces, Surf. Sci. 480, 145–152 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Man, R. Zdyb, Y.I. Feng, T. Chan, M.S. Altman, E. Bauer: Growth morphology, structure and magnetism of ultrathin co films on W(111), Phys. Rev. B 67, 184402 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, R. Zdyb, E. Bauer, M.S. Altman: Growth, magnetism and ferromagnetic thickness gap in Fe films on the W(111) surface, Phys. Rev. B 87, 104410 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.R. Niu, K.L. Man, A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, M.S. Altman: Fe on W(001): From continuous films to nanoparticles: Growth and magnetic domain structure, Phys. Rev. B 95, 064404 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Biquadratic exchange in ferromagnetic/nonferromagnetic sandwiches: A spin-polarized low energy electron study, Phys. Rev. B 59, 474–479 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Duden, E. Bauer: Exchange coupling in Co/Cu/Co sandwiches studied by spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 191, 301–312 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Rougemaille, M. Portalupi, A. Brambilla, P. Biagioni, A. Lanzara, M. Finazzi, A.K. Schmid, L. Duò: Exchange-induced frustration in Fe/NiO multilayers, Phys. Rev. B 76(6), 214425–214421 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Suzuki, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, E. Bauer: Magnetic structure of Co/Ni thin film magnetic structure of Co/Ni thin films on W(110) studied by high brightness and highly spin-polarized LEEM. In: Proc. 8th Int. Symp. At. Level Charact. New Mater. Devices ALC'11, Seoul (2011) pp. 437–440

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Suzuki, K. Kudo, K. Kojima, T. Yasue, N. Akutsu, W.A. Diño, H. Kasai, E. Bauer, T. Koshikawa: Magnetic domain patterns on strong perpendicular magnetization of Co/Ni multilayers as spintronics materials: I. Dynamic observations, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25, 406001 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Kudo, M. Suzuki, K. Kojima, T. Yasue, N. Akutsu, W.A. Diño, H. Kasai, E. Bauer, T. Koshikawa: Magnetic domain patterns on strong perpendicular magnetization of Co/Ni multilayers as spintronics materials: II. Numerical simulations, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25, 395005 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Rougemaille, A.T. N'Diaye, J. Coraux, C. Vo-Van, O. Fruchart, A.K. Schmid: Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of cobalt films intercalated under graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 142403 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Yang, A.D. Vu, A. Hallal, N. Rougemaille, J. Coraux, G. Chen, A.K. Schmid, M. Chshiev: Anatomy and giant enhancement of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of cobalt-graphene heterostructures, Nano Lett. 16, 145–151 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.D. Vu, J. Coraux, G. Chen, A.T. N'Diaye, A.K. Schmid, N. Rougemaille: Unconventional magnetisation texture in graphene/cobalt hybrids, Sci. Rep. 6, 24783 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramchal, A.K. Schmid, M. Farle, H. Poppa: Magnetic domains and domain-wall structure in Ni/Cu(001) films imaged by spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, Phys. Rev. B 68, 054418 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, J. Zhu, A. Quesada, J. Li, A.T. N'Diaye, Y. Huo, T.P. Ma, Y. Chen, H.Y. Kwon, C. Won, Z.Q. Qiu, A.K. Schmid, Y.Z. Wu: Novel chiral magnetic domain wall structure in Feo/Ni/Cu(001) films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177204 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, T. Ma, A.T. N'Diaye, H. Kwon, C. Won, Y. Wu, A.K. Schmid: Tailoring the chirality of magnetic domain walls by interface engineering, Nat. Commun. 4, 2671 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, A.T. N'Diaye, Y. Wu, A.K. Schmid: Ternary superlattice boosting interface-stabilized magnetic chirality, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 062402 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, A.T. N'Diaye, S.P. Kang, H.Y. Kwon, C. Won, Y. Wu, Z.Q. Qiu, A.K. Schmid: Unlocking Bloch-type chirality in ultrathin magnets through uniaxial strain, Nat. Commun. 6, 6598 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, A. Mascaraque, A.T. N'Diaye, A.K. Schmid: Room temperature skyrmion ground state stabilized through interlayer exchange coupling, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 242404 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chen, A.K. Schmid: Imaging and tailoring the chirality of domain walls in magnetic films, Adv. Mater. 27, 5738–5743 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, R. Belkhou, S. Cherifi, R. Hertel, S. Heun, A. Locatelli, A. Pavlovska, R. Zdyb, N. Agarwal, H. Wang: Microscopy of mesoscopic ferromagnetic systems with slow electrons, Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1622–1627 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, A. Pavlovska, M. Jałochowski, E. Bauer: Self-organized Fe nanostructures on W(110), Surf. Sci. 600, 1586–1591 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Rougemaille, A.K. Schmid: Self-organization and magnetic domain microstructure of Fe nanowire arrays, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08S502 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.F. Ding, A.K. Schmid, D. Li, K.Y. Guslienko, S.D. Bader: Magnetic bistability of Co nanodots, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 157202 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Zdyb, E. Bauer: Coexistence of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism in a ferromagnetic monolayer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 155704 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. de la Figuera, Z. Novotny, M. Setvin, T. Liu, Z. Mao, G. Chen, A.T. N'Diaye, M. Schmid, U. Diebold, A.K. Schmid, G.S. Parkinson: Real-space imaging of the Verwey transition at the (100) surface of magnetite, Phys. Rev. B 88, 161410(R) (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. de la Figuera, L. Vergara, A.T. N'Diaye, A. Quesada, A.K. Schmid: Micromagnetism in (001) magnetite by spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 130, 77–81 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli: Angle-resolved x-ray photoemission electron microscopy, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 323–329 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, L. Aballe, T.O. Menteş, M. Kiskinova, E. Bauer: Photoemission electron microscopy with chemical sensitivity: SPELEEM methods and applications, Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1554–1557 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T.O. Menteş, M.A. Niño, A. Locatelli: Spectromicroscopy with low-energy electrons: LEEM and XPEEM studies at the nanoscale, e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol. 9, 72–79 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, S. Cherifi, L. Daeweritz, M. Kaestner, S. Heun, A. Locatelli: Low-energy electron microscopy/x-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy study of epitaxial MnAs on GaAs, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2539–2542 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, R. Belkhou, S. Cherifi, A. Locatelli, A. Pavlovska, N. Rougemaille: Magnetostructure of MnAs on GaAs revisited, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25, 1470–1475 (2007)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.B. Pang, A. Pavlovska, L. Däweritz, A. Locatelli, E. Bauer, M.S. Altman: LEEM image phase contrast of MnAs stripes, Ultramicroscopy 130, 7–12 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Engel-Herbert, D.M. Schaadt, S. Cherifi, E. Bauer, R. Belkhou, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, A. Pavlovska, J. Mohanty, K.H. Ploog, T. Hesjedal: The nature of charged zig-zag domains in MnAs thin films, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 305, 457–463 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Engel-Herbert, T. Hesjedal: Micromagnetic analysis of unusual, V-shaped domain transitions in MnAs nanowires, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323, 1840–1845 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.S.R. Menon, S. Mandal, J. Das, T.O. Menteş, M.A. Niño, A. Locatelli, R. Belkhou: Surface antiferromagnetic domain imaging using low-energy unpolarized electrons, Phys. Rev. B 84, 132402 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Hertel, O. Fruchart, S. Cherifi, P.-O. Jubert, S. Heun, A. Locatelli, J. Kirschner: Three-dimensional magnetic-flux-closure patterns in mesoscopic Fe islands, Phys. Rev. B 72(11), 214409–214401 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Mascaraque, L. Aballe, J.F. Marco, T.O. Menteş, F. El Gabaly, C. Klein, A.K. Schmid, K.F. McCarty, A. Locatelli, J. de la Figuera: Measuring the magnetization of three monolayer thick Co islands and films by x-ray dichroism, Phys. Rev. B 80, 172401 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Monti, B. Santos, A. Mascaraque, O.R. de la Fuente, M.A. Niño, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, K.F. McCarty, J.F. Marco, J. de la Figuera: Magnetism in nanometer-thick magnetite, Phys. Rev. B 85, 020404 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, L. Aballe, A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, T. Pabisiak, A. Kiejna: Surface modification of oxides by electron-stimulated desorption for growth-mode control of metal films: Experiment and density-functional calculations, Phys. Rev. B 76, 155413 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Günther, S. Bocklein, R. Reichelt, J. Wintterlin, A. Barinov, T.O. Menteş, M.A. Niño, A. Locatelli: Surface patterning of silver using an electron- or photon-assisted oxidation reaction, ChemPhysChem 11, 1525–1532 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Laverock, S. Kittiwatanakul, A.A. Zakharov, Y.R. Niu, B. Chen, S.A. Wolf, J.W. Lu, K.E. Smith: Direct observation of decoupled structural and electronic transitions and an ambient pressure monocliniclike metallic phase of VO2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 216402 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Laverock, S. Kittiwatanakul, A.A. Zakharov, Y.R. Niu, B. Chen, J. Kuyyalil, S.A. Wolf, J.W. Lu, K.E. Smith: Simultaneous spectroscopic, diffraction and microscopic study of the metal-insulator transition of VO2, MRS Proceedings 1730, Mrsf14-1730-n05-04 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Genuzio, A. Sala, T. Schmidt, D. Menzel, H.-J. Freund: Phase transformations in thin iron oxide films: Spectromicroscopic study of velocity and shape of the reaction fronts, Surf. Sci. 648, 177–187 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L.K.E. Ericsson, K.O. Magnusson, A.A. Zakharov: ZnO nanocrystals on SiO2/Si surfaces thermally cleaned in ultrahigh vacuum and characterized using spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 28, 438–442 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bauer, K.L. Man, A. Pavlovska, A. Locatelli, T.O. Menteş, M.A. Niño, M.S. Altman: Fe3S4 (greigite) formation by vapor-solid reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 1903–1913 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Man, A. Pavlovska, E. Bauer, A. Locatelli, T.O. Menteş, M.A. Niño, G.K.L. Wong, I.K. Sou, M.S. Altman: Growth, reaction and nanowire formation of Fe on the ZnS(100) surface, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26, 315006 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Ewert, T. Schmidt, J.I. Flege, I. Heidmann, T. Grzela, W.M. Klesse, M. Foerster, L. Aballe, T. Schroeder, J. Falta: Morphology and chemical composition of cobalt germanide islands on Ge(001), Nanotechnology 27, 325705 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Monti, B. Santos, A. Mascaraque, O.R. de la Fuente, M.A. Niño, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, K.F. McCarty, J.F. Marco, J. de la Figuera: Oxidation pathways in bicomponent ultrathin iron oxide films, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 11539–11547 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Cornish, T. Eralp, A. Shavorskiy, R.A. Bennett, G. Held, S.A. Cavill, A. Potenza, H. Marchetto, S.S. Dhesi: Oxidation of polycrystalline Ni studied by spectromicroscopy: Phase separation in the early stages of crystallite growth, Phys. Rev. B 81, 085403 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Aballe, S. Matencio, M. Foerster, E. Barrena, F. Sánchez, J. Fontcuberta, C. Ocal: Instability and surface potential modulation of self-patterned (001)SrTiO3 surfaces, Chem. Mater. 27, 6198–6204 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Aballe, A. Barinov, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, M. Kiskinova: Tuning surface reactivity via electron quantum confinement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 196103 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Aballe, A. Barinov, N. Stojic, N. Binggeli, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, M. Kiskinova: The electron density decay length effect on surface reactivity, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 015001 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Kaemena, S.D. Senanayake, A. Meyer, J.T. Sadowski, J. Falta, J.I. Flege: Growth and morphology of ceria on ruthenium (0001), J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 221–232 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.I. Flege, J. Höcker, B. Kaemena, T.O. Menteş, A. Sala, A. Locatelli, S. Gangopadhyay, J.T. Sadowski, S.D. Senanayake, J. Falta: Growth and characterization of epitaxially stabilized ceria(001) nanostructures on Ru(0001), Nanoscale 8, 10849–10856 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Höcker, T.O. Menteş, A. Sala, A. Locatelli, T. Schmidt, J. Falta, S.D. Senanayake, J.I. Flege: Unraveling the dynamic nanoscale reducibility (Ce4+ $$\rightarrow$$ Ce3+) of CeOx-Ru in hydrogen activation, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2, 1500314 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Höcker, J.-O. Krisponeit, J. Cambeis, A. Zakharov, Y. Niu, G. Wei, L. Colombi Ciacchi, J. Falta, A. Schaefer, J.I. Flege: Growth and structure of ultrathin praseodymium oxide layers on ruthenium(0001), Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 3480–3485 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Grinter, C.-M. Yim, C.L. Pang, B. Santos, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, G. Thornton: Oxidation state imaging of ceria island growth on Re(0001), J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 16509–16514 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Grinter, C. Muryn, B. Santos, B.-J. Shaw, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, G. Thornton: Spectromicroscopy of a model water–gas shift catalyst: Gold nanoparticles supported on ceria, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 19194–19204 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Grinter, C. Muryn, A. Sala, C.-M. Yim, C.L. Pang, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, G. Thornton: Spillover reoxidation of ceria nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 11037–11044 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, C. Sbraccia, S. Heun, S. Baroni, M. Kiskinova: Energetically driven reorganization of a modified catalytic surface under reaction conditions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2351–2357 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, T.O. Menteş, L. Aballe, A. Mikhailov, M. Kiskinova: Formation of regular surface-supported mesostructures with periodicity controlled by chemical reaction rate, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 19108–19111 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, L. Aballe, T.O. Menteş, F.Z. Guo, M. Kiskinova: A spectro-microscopic study of the reactive phase separation of Au\(+\)Pd and O on Rh(110), Surf. Sci. 601, 4663–4668 (2007)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Lovis, M. Hesse, A. Locatelli, T.O. Menteş, M.A. Nino, G. Lilienkamp, B. Borkenhagen, R. Imbihl: Self-organization of ultrathin vanadium oxide layers on a Rh(111) surface during a catalytic reaction. Part II: A LEEM and spectromicroscopy study, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 19149–19157 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Lovis, T. Smolinsky, A. Locatelli, M.A. Niño, R. Imbihl: Chemical waves and rate oscillations in the H2\(+\) O2 reaction on a bimetallic Rh(111)/Ni catalyst, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 4083–4090 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Günther, H. Liu, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, R. Imbihl: Spectromicroscopy of pulses transporting alkali metal in a surface reaction, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 8752–8764 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Günther, S. Böcklein, J. Wintterlin, M.Á. Niño, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli: Locating catalytically active oxygen on Ag(111)—A spectromicroscopy study, ChemCatChem 5, 3342–3350 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Locatelli, C. Wang, C. Africh, N. Stojić, T.O. Menteş, G. Comelli, N. Binggeli: Temperature-driven reversible rippling and bonding of a graphene superlattice, ACS Nano 7, 6955–6963 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L.I. Johansson, S. Watcharinyanon, A.A. Zakharov, T. Iakimov, R. Yakimova, C. Virojanadara: Stacking of adjacent graphene layers grown on C-face SiC, Phys. Rev. B 84, 125405 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Coletti, S. Forti, A. Principi, K.V. Emtsev, A.A. Zakharov, K.M. Daniels, B.K. Daas, M.V.S. Chandrashekhar, T. Ouisse, D. Chaussende, A.H. MacDonald, M. Polini, U. Starke: Revealing the electronic band structure of trilayer graphene on SiC: An angle-resolved photoemission study, Phys. Rev. B 88, 155439 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Nevius, F. Wang, C. Mathieu, N. Barrett, A. Sala, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, E.H. Conrad: The bottom-up growth of edge specific graphene nanoribbons, Nano Lett. 14, 6080–6086 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Wang, G. Liu, S. Rothwell, M.S. Nevius, C. Mathieu, N. Barrett, A. Sala, T.O. Menteş, A. Locatelli, P.I. Cohen, L.C. Feldman, E.H. Conrad: Pattern induced ordering of semiconducting graphene ribbons grown from nitrogen-seeded SiC, Carbon 82, 360–367 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Watcharinyanon, C. Xia, Y. Niu, A.A. Zakharov, L.I. Johansson, R. Yakimova, C. Virojanadara: Soft x-ray exposure promotes Na intercalation in graphene grown on Si-face SiC, Materials 8, 4768–4777 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Xia, L.I. Johansson, A.A. Zakharov, L. Hultman, C. Virojanadara: Effects of Al on epitaxial graphene grown on 6H-SiC(0001), Mater. Res. Express 1, 015606 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Forti, A. Stöhr, A.A. Zakharov, C. Coletti, K.V. Emtsev, U. Starke: Mini-Dirac cones in the band structure of a copper intercalated epitaxial graphene superlattice, 2D Materials 3, 035003 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Africh, C. Cepek, L.L. Patera, G. Zamborlini, P. Genoni, T.O. Menteş, A. Sala, A. Locatelli, G. Comelli: Switchable graphene-substrate coupling through formation/dissolution of an intercalated Ni-carbide layer, Sci. Rep. 6, 19734 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Stöhr, S. Forti, S. Link, A.A. Zakharov, K. Kern, U. Starke, H.M. Benia: Intercalation of graphene on SiC(0001) via ion-implantation, Phys. Rev. B 94, 085431 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Zamborlini, M. Imam, L.L. Patera, T.O. Menteş, N. Stojić, C. Africh, A. Sala, N. Binggeli, G. Comelli, A. Locatelli: Nanobubbles at GPa pressure under graphene, Nano Lett. 15, 6162–6169 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T.O. Menteş, A. Sala, A. Locatelli, E. Vescovo, J.M. Ablett, M.A. Niño: Phase coexistence in two-dimensional Fe0.70Ni0.30 films on W(110), e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol. 13, 256–260 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Anastassia Pavlovska for preparing the figures, references, permissions and for the editorial work of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Ernst Bauer

Authors
  1. Ernst Bauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ernst Bauer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, France

    Peter W. Hawkes

  2. Dept. of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    John C. H. Spence

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bauer, E. (2019). LEEM, SPLEEM and SPELEEM. In: Hawkes, P.W., Spence, J.C.H. (eds) Springer Handbook of Microscopy. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00069-1_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation