Skip to main content

Micro-Grid Control Security Analysis: Analysis of Current and Emerging Vulnerabilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience

Abstract

Micro-grids (MG) enable autonomous operation of remote or islanded power networks such as critical infrastructure assets, but also the integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into power distribution networks coupled to a transmission system, enhancing robustness of and reducing strain on the power network. Micro-grid control technology relies heavily on networked or distributed control techniques which are exposed to cyber-security threats than conventional power networks. Consequences of security violations could manifest as loss of electrical power to critical loads or dangerous operating states; given the severity of the risks every effort should be taken to reduce exposure to vulnerabilities. This chapter reviews common MG architectures and selected system elements feeding into a structured high-level security analysis based on the Systems Theoretic Process Analysis for Security (STPA-Sec) framework to generate causal scenarios for security violations in MGs and, accordingly, to identify the priority areas for future security research in the MG domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ackermann T, Andersson G, Söder L (2001) Distributed generation: a definition. Electr Power Syst Res 57(3):195–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bidram A, Davoudi A (2012) Hierarchical structure of microgrids control system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):1963–1976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Case DU (2016) Analysis of the cyber attack on the ukrainian power grid. Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chandorkar MC, Divan DM, Adapa R (1993) Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone ac supply systems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 29(1):136–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Domenech B, Ranaboldo M, Ferrer-Martí L, Pastor R, Flynn D (2017) Local and regional microgrid models to optimise the design of isolated electrification projects. Renew Energ 119:795–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Friedberg I, Laverty D, McLaughlin K, Smith P (2015) A cyber-physical security analysis of synchronous-islanded microgrid operation. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium for ICS & SCADA Cyber Security Research. British Computer Society, Swindon, pp 52–62

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Guerrero JM, Chandorkar M, Lee TL, Loh PC (2013) Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids—part I: decentralized and hierarchical control. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 60(4):1254–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Guo X, Lu Z, Wang B, Sun X, Wang L, Guerrero JM (2014) Dynamic phasors-based modeling and stability analysis of droop-controlled inverters for microgrid applications. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(6):2980–2987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hafez O, Bhattacharya K (2012) Optimal planning and design of a renewable energy based supply system for microgrids. Renew Energy 45:7–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hatziargyriou N, Asano H, Iravani R, Marnay C (2007) Microgrids. IEEE Power Energ Mag 5(4):78–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Katiraei F, Iravani R, Hatziargyriou N, Dimeas A (2008) Microgrids management. IEEE Power Energ Mag 6(3):54–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Langner R (2011) Stuxnet: dissecting a cyberwarfare weapon. IEEE Secur Priv 9(3):49–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lasseter RH (2011) Smart distribution: coupled microgrids. Proc IEEE 99(6):1074–1082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lasseter R, Akhil A, Marnay C, Stephens J, Dagle J, Guttromson R, Meliopoulous A, Yinger R, Eto J (2002) The CERTS microgrid concept. White paper for Transmission Reliability Program, Office of Power Technologies, US Department of Energy 2(3), 30

    Google Scholar 

  15. Leveson N (2011) Engineering a safer world: systems thinking applied to safety. MIT Press, Cambridge/London

    Google Scholar 

  16. Levron Y, Guerrero JM, Beck Y (2013) Optimal power flow in microgrids with energy storage. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3226–3234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Li C, Cao C, Cao Y, Kuang Y, Zeng L, Fang B (2014) A review of islanding detection methods for microgrid. Renew Sust Energ Rev 35:211–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Li H, Zang C, Zeng P, Yu H, Li Z (2015) A stochastic programming strategy in microgrid cyber physical energy system for energy optimal operation. IEEE/CAA J Automat Sin 2(3):296–303

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Majumder R (2013) Some aspects of stability in microgrids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3243–3252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Meng L, Sanseverino ER, Luna A, Dragicevic T, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM (2016) Microgrid supervisory controllers and energy management systems: a literature review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 60:1263–1273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Olivares DE, Mehrizi-Sani A, Etemadi AH, Cañizares CA, Iravani R, Kazerani M, Hajimiragha AH, Gomis-Bellmunt O, Saeedifard M, Palma-Behnke R et al (2014) Trends in microgrid control. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(4):1905–1919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Piagi P, Lasseter RH (2006) Autonomous control of microgrids. In: Power engineering society general meeting, 2006. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rocabert J, Luna A, Blaabjerg F, Rodriguez P (2012) Control of power converters in AC microgrids. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27(11):4734–4749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Stern DI, Burke PJ, Bruns SB (2017) The impact of electricity on economic development: a macroeconomic perspective. EEG state-of-knowledge paper series. Oxford: Oxford policy management center for effective glocal action

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tayab UB, Roslan MAB, Hwai LJ, Kashif M (2017) A review of droop control techniques for microgrid. Renew Sust Energ Rev 76:717–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ton DT, Smith MA (2012) The us department of energy’s microgrid initiative. Electr J 25(8):84–94

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tsikalakis AG, Hatziargyriou ND (2011) Centralized control for optimizing microgrids operation. In: Power and energy society general meeting, 2011. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  28. Williston D, Finney D (2011) Consequences of out-of-phase reclosing on feeders with distributed generators. IEEE SCC21 standards coordinating committee on fuel cells, photovoltaics, dispersed generation, and energy storage, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  29. Young W, Leveson N (2013) Systems thinking for safety and security. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. ACM, New York, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Beaumont .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Beaumont, P., Wolthusen, S. (2019). Micro-Grid Control Security Analysis: Analysis of Current and Emerging Vulnerabilities. In: Gritzalis, D., Theocharidou, M., Stergiopoulos, G. (eds) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00024-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00024-0_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00023-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00024-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics