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Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging

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Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the Western world despite improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that remains clinically silent for many decades. Sudden rupture of “high-risk/vulnerable” plaques has been shown to be responsible for the majority of acute cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Therefore, early detection of biological processes associated with atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability may improve diagnosis and treatment and help to better monitor the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool to detect molecular and cellular changes in the carotid, aortic, and coronary vessel wall including endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular remodeling, enzymatic activity, intraplaque hemorrhage, elastin content, and fibrin deposition and thus may allow early detection of unstable lesions and improve the prediction of future coronary events. Evaluation of atherosclerosis at both the preclinical and clinical levels includes noncontrast-enhanced (NCE) and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI with and without the use of MR contrast agents. To increase the biological information obtained by MRI, a variety of targeted-specific molecular probes have been developed for the noninvasive visualization of particular biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. This review will discuss the recent advances in molecular MRI of atherosclerosis, covering both pulse sequence development and also the design of novel contrast agents, for imaging atherosclerotic disease in vivo.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from (1) the British Heart Foundation (RG/12/1/29262), (2) the Centre of Excellence in Medical Engineering funded by the Wellcome Trust and EPSRC (WT 088641/Z/09/Z), (3) the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, and (4) the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London and King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK

    Begoña Lavin-Plaza, Alkystis Phinikaridou, Sara Lacerda, Markus Henningsson & René M. Botnar

  2. Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Marcelo E. Andia

  3. Department of Radiology, Institut für Radiologie, Berlin, Germany

    Marcus R. Makowski

  4. The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London, UK

    René M. Botnar

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  1. Begoña Lavin-Plaza
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  2. Alkystis Phinikaridou
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  3. Marcelo E. Andia
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  4. Sara Lacerda
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  7. René M. Botnar
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Correspondence to Begoña Lavin-Plaza .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Raymond Y. Kwong

  2. Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael Jerosch-Herold

  3. Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Bobak Heydari

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Lavin-Plaza, B. et al. (2019). Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging. In: Kwong, R., Jerosch-Herold, M., Heydari, B. (eds) Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Contemporary Cardiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8841-9_14

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