Abstract
In past research, percepts, images, and hallucinations have been shown to have similar sensory and physiological underpinnings, but different cognitive effects. In the present psychophysiological study of these sensory similarities and cognitive differences, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were obtained (a) while 12 select subjects mentally imaged the evoking tone as louder versus softer, and (b) while they hypnotically hallucinated the evoking tone as louder versus softer. The results of this study indicate that eidetically imaged loudness versus softness and hypnotically hallucinated loudness versus softness, like perceived loudness versus softness, affect the amplitude of early “sensory” components in the AEP. The results also indicate that imaged loudness and softness affect a later “image-monitoring” component in the left-hemisphere AEP, whereas hallucinated loudness and softness—like perceived loudness and softness—do not affect this later component.
This research presentation explores the manner in which images and hallucinations are similar to percepts, but different from each other. The first part of this presentation reviews past research indicating that vivid images and hallucinations are psychophysiologically similar to percepts. The second part reviews behavioral evidence that vivid images and hallucinations are different from each other. The final part presents new research confirming that vivid images and hallucinations are psychophysiologically different as well.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allison, T. (1984). Recording and interpreting event-related potentials. In E. Donchin (Ed.), Cognitive psychophysiology: Event-related potentials and the study of cognition (pp. 1–36). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bogoslovskii, A., & Semenovskaya, E. (1959). Conditioned reflex changes in the human electroretinogram. Buletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (translated from Russian), 47, 265–269.
Craig, K. J. W. (1940). Origin of visual after-images. Nature, 145, 512.
Darwin, E. (1803). Zoonomia (Vol. 1). Boston: D. Carlisle.
Deehan, C., & Robertson, A. W. (1980). Changes in auditory evoked potentials induced by hypnotic suggestion. In M. Pajntar, E. Roskar, & M. Lavric (Eds.), Hypnosis in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine (pp. 93–95). Ljubljana: University Press.
Finley, W. W., & Johnson, G. (1983). Operant control of auditory brainstem potentials in man. International Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 161–170.
Flor-Henri, P. (in press). Schizophrenic hallucinations in the context of psychophysiological studies of schizophrenia. In R. G. Kunzendorf & A. A. Sheikh (Eds.), The psychophysiology of mental imagery: Theory, research, and application. Farmingdale, N. Y.: Baywood.
Freedman, S. J., & Ronchi, L. (1964). Adaptation and training effects in ERG: IV. Overview of eight years. Atti della Fondazione Giorgo Ronchi, 19, 542–565.
Gruithuisen, F.V.P. (1812). Beyträge zur Physiognosie und Eautognosie, für Freunde der Naturforschung auf dem Erfahrungswege. München: I. J. Lentner.
Gruzelier, J., Thomas, M., Brow, T., Conway, A., Golds, J., Jutai, J., Liddiard, D., McCormack, K., Perry, A., & Rhonder, J. (1987). Involvement of the left hemisphere in hypnotic induction: Electrodermal, haptic, electrocortical, and divided visual field evidence. In S. Taneli, C. Perris, & D. Kemali (Eds.), Advances in biological psychiatry: Vol. 16, Neurophysiological correlates of relaxation and psychopathology (pp. 6–17). Basel: S. Karger.
Guerrero-Figueroa, R., & Heath, R. G. (1964). Evoked responses and changes during attentive factors in man. Archives of Neurology, 10, 74–84.
Hume, D. (1979). A treatise of human nature (excerpt from 1739 edition). In R. I. Watson (Ed.), Basic writings in the history of psychology (pp. 51–62). New York: Oxford University Press.
Johnson, M. K., Kahan, T. L., & Raye, C. L. (1984). Dreams and reality monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113
Klinke, R., & Galley, N. (1974). Efferent innervation of vestibular and auditory receptors. Physiological Reviews, 54, 316–357.
Krill, A. E., Wieland, A. M., & Ostfeld, A. M. (1960). The effect of two hallucinogenic agents on human retinal function. Archives of Opthalmology, 64, 724–733.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (1980). Imagery and consciousness: A scientific analysis of the mind-body problem (Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 3448B–3449B.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (1984). Centrifugal effects of eidetic imaging on flash electroretinograms and autonomic responses. Journal of Mental Imagery, 8, 67–76.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (1984-1985). Subconscious percepts as “unmonitored” percepts: An empirical study. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 4, 367–375.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (1985–1986). Hypnotic hallucinations as “unmonitored” images: An empirical study. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 5, 255–270.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (1987-88). Self-consciousness as the monitoring of cognitive states: A theoretical perspective. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 7, 3–22.
Kunzendorf, R. G. (in press). Afterimages of eidetic images: A developmental study. Journal of Mental Imagery.
Oswald, I. (1957). After-images from retina and brain, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 9 88–100.
Perky, C. W. (1910). An experimental study of imagination. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 422–452.
Picton, T. W., Hillyard, S. A., Krausz, H. I., & Galambos, R. (1974). Human auditory evoked potentials: I. Evaluation of components. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 36, 179–190.
Polich, J. M., & Starr, A. (1983). Middle-, late-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials. In E. J. Moore (Ed.), Bases of auditory brainstem evoked responses (pp. 345–361). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Roemer, R. A., Shagass, C, Straumanis, J. J., & Amadeo, M. (1979). Somatosensory and auditory evoked potential studies of functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres in psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 14, 357–373.
Roger, M., & Galand, G. (1981). Operant conditioning of visual evoked potentials in man. Psychophysiology, 18, 477–482.
Van Hasselt, P. (1972–1973). The centrifugal control of retinal function: A review. Ophthalmological Research, 4, 298–320.
Weitzenhoffer, A. M., & Hilgard, E. R. (1962). Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Wilson, S. C, & Barber, T. X. (1983). The fantasy-prone personality: Implications for understanding imagery, hypnosis, and parapsychological phenomena. In A.A. Sheikh (Ed.), Imagery: Current theory, research, and application (pp. 340–387). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Zwicker, E. (1964). “Negative afterimage” in hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36, 2413–2415.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kunzendorf, R.G., Hoyle, D. (1989). Auditory Percepts, Mental Images, and Hypnotic Hallucinations: Similarities and Differences in Auditory Evoked Potentials. In: Shorr, J.E., Robin, P., Connella, J.A., Wolpin, M. (eds) Imagery. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0876-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0876-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0878-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0876-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive