Skip to main content

A Primate Model of Phobic Fears

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Individual Differences ((PIDF))

Abstract

The use of animal models in clinical psychology and psychiatry has a long and mixed history. There were early proposals by Watson and Rayner (1920) and by Pavlov (1927) that classical conditioning plays a prominent role in the origins of a variety of so-called neurotic disturbances. These were soon followed by numerous demonstrations of “experimental neurosis” in which disturbed behavior was induced in a range of different species through exposure to a wide range of somewhat aberrant conditioning procedures. Research on this topic was performed in a number of well-known laboratories, including those of Pavlov, Liddell, Masserman, N. R. F. Maier, and Wolpe (see Broadhurst, 1960, 1973; Mineka & Kihlstrom, 1978, for reviews).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of the mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification.:New York Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, M. (1970). Extinction of avoidance responding through response prevention (flooding). Psychological Bulletin, 74, 276–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, P. L. (1960). Abnormal animal behavior. In H.J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (pp. 726–763). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, P. L. (1973). Animal studies bearing on abnormal behavior. In H.J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (2nd ed, pp. 721–754). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capitannio, J., Boccia, M., & Colaianna, D. (1985). The influence of rank on affect perception by pigtail macaques. American Journal of Primato logy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E. (1983). Human classical conditioning and the preparedness hypothesis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M., & Mineka, S. (1987a). Second-order conditioning and overshadowing in the observational conditional of fear in monkeys. Behavior Research and Therapy (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M., & Mineka, S. (1987b). Belongingness in the observational conditioning of fear in monkeys. Manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M., Mineka, S., Wolkenstein, B., & Laitsch, K. (1985). Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 591–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E., Hodes, R., & Lang, P. (1986). Preparedness and phobia: Effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology95, 195–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delprato, D. (1980). Hereditary determinants of fears and phobias. Behavior Therapy, 11, 79–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P. (1982). Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Green, G., & Osborne, J. (1985). Does vicarious instigation provide support for observational learning theories? A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grey, S., Sartory, G., & Rachman, S. (1979). Synchronous and desynchronous changes during fear reduction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 137–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. (1949). The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review, 56, 51–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendersen, R. (1985). Fearful memories: The motivational significance of forgetting. In F. R. Brush & J. B. Overmier (Eds.), Affect, conditioning and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior (pp. 43–53). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, R., & Rachman, S. (1974). Desynchrony in measures of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 319–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hugdahl, K., & Kärker, A.-C. (1981). Biological vs. experiential factors in phobic conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 109–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joslin, J., Fletcher, H., & Emlen, J. (1964). A comparison of the responses to snakes of lab- and wild- reared rhesus monkeys. Animal Behavior, 12, 348–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. Shlein (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy, 3, 90–103.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. (1971). The application of psychophysiological methods to the study of psychotherapy and behavior modification. In A. Bergin & S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An Empirical Analysis (pp. 75–125) New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and anxiety disorders (pp. 131–170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh, N. (1974). The psychology of animal learning. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh, N. (1983). Conditioning and associative learning. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. (1977). Phobias and obsessions: Clinical phenomena in search of a laboratory model. In J. Maser & M. Seligman (Eds.), Psychopathology: Experimental models (pp. 174–213). San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. (1987). Fears, phobias and rituals. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, W. (1974). Animal models in psychiatry. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 17, 529–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S. (1979). The role of fear in theories of avoidance, flooding, and extinction. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 985–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S. (1982). Depression and helplessness in primates. In H. Fitzgerald, J. Mullins, & P. Gage (Eds.), Primate behavior and child nurturance (Vol. 3, pp. 197–242). The Child Nurturance Series. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S. (1985). Animal models of anxiety-based disorders: Their usefulness and limitations. In A. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and anxiety disorders (pp. 199–244). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., & Keir, R. (1983). The effects of flooding on reducing snake fear in rhesus monkeys: 6-month follow-up and further flooding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 527–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., & Kihlstrom, J. (1978). Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 256–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1986). Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 307–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1987). Mechanisms underlying observational conditioning of fear. Manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Keir, R., & Price, V. (1980). Fear of snakes in wild- and lab-reared rhesus monkeys. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 653–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Cook, M., & Miller, S. (1984). Fear conditioned with escapable and inescapable shock: The effects of a feedback stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 10, 307 – 323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M., & Keir, R. (1984). Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 355–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Gunnar, M., & Champoux, M. (1986). Control and early socioemotional development: Infant rhesus monkeys reared in controllable versus uncontrollable environments. Child Development, 57, 1241–1256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, E., & Foote, F. (1979). The origins of fear of snakes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 489–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S., & King, J. (1973). Snake avoidance in feral and laboratory-reared squirrel monkeys. Behaviour, 47, 281–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Æhman, A. (1986). Face the beast and fear the face: Animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotion. Psychophysiology, 23, 123–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Æhman, A., Fredrikson, M., Hugdahl, K., & Rimino, P.-A. (1976). The premise of equipotentiality in human classical conditioning: Conditioned electrodermal responses to potentially phobic stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105, 313–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Æhman, A., Fredrikson, M., & Hugdahl, K. (1978). Toward an experimental model for simple phobic reactions. Behavioural Analysis and Modification, 2, 97–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Æhman, A., Dimberg, U., & Ost, L.-G. (1985). Animal and social phobias: Biological constraints on learned fear responses. In S. Reiss & R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 123 – 175). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ost, L. G., & Hugdahl, K. (1981). Acquisition of phobias and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 439–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. (1977). Fear and courage. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. (1979). The return of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 164–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S., & Hodgson, R. (1974). I. Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 311–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, R. (1974). Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 101–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm, D., Janda, L., Lancaster, D., Nahl, M., & Dittmar, K. (1977). An exploratory investigation of the origin and maintenance of phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 231–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller, P. (1952). Innate constituents of complex responses in primates. Psychological Review, 59, 177 – 191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B. (1974). On going back to nature: A review of Seligman and Hager’s Biological boundaries of learning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 183–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1974). Depression and learned helplessness. In R.J. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 83–113). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, death, and development. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R., Kamin, L. & Wynne, L. (1953). Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 291–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1 – 14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mineka, S. (1987). A Primate Model of Phobic Fears. In: Eysenck, H.J., Martin, I. (eds) Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Therapy. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0827-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0827-8_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0829-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0827-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics