Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heterochrony in Primates

  • Chapter
Heterochrony in Evolution

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 7))

Abstract

Until recently the study of heterochrony in primate evolution has focused primarily on arguments concerning human neoteny. Swiss zoologist Julius Kollman (1905), who introduced the term neoteny in the late 1800s, suggested that early humans could be traced to pygmy groups that had developed from anthropoid apes via juvenilization and neoteny. De Beer (1930), building on Bolk’s (1926, 1929) important work, made human evolution one of the central examples in his classic work Embryology and Evolution, which established the study of heterochrony within the modern synthesis. Continued emphasis is evidenced in the work of Abbie (1952, 1958, 1964), Montagu (1962, 1981), and Gould (1977).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbie, A. A., 1952, A new approach to the problem of human evolution, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 75: 70–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbie, A. A., 1958, Timing in human evolution, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 88: 197–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbie, A. A., 1964, The factor of timing in the emergence of distinctively human characters, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 98: 63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberch, P., and Gale, E. A., 1985, A developmental analysis of an evolutionary trend: Digital reduction in amphibians, Evolution 39: 8–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alberch, P., Gould, S. J., Oster, G. F., and Wake, D. B., 1979, Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny, Paleobiology 5: 296–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, W. R., 1987, Developmental quantitative genetics and the evolution of ontogenies. Evolution 41:316–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, W. R., Rutledge, J. J., and Cowley, D. E., 1981, Genetic components of size and shape. II. Multivariate covariance patterns in the rat and mouse skull, Evolution 35: 1037–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, W. R., Riska, B., Kohn, L. A. P., Plummer, A. A., and Rutledge, J. J., 1984, A quantitative genetic analysis of brain and body size associations, their origin and ontogeny: data from mice, Evolution 38: 1165–1179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartke, A., 1979, Genetic models in the study of anterior pituitary hormones, in: Genetic Variation in Hormone Systems (J. G. M. Shire, ed.), pp. 113–126, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berge, C., Didier, M., Chaline, J., and Dommergues, J.-L., 1988, La bipèdie des hominides: Comparisons des itinéraires ontogénétiques des dimensions fémoropelviennes des pongides, australopithèques et hommes, Paper presented at the Colloque International: Ontogenèse et Evolution, Dijon, France, 1986, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolk, L., 1926, On the problem of anthropogenesis, Proc. Section Sci. Kon. Akad. Wetens. Amsterdam 29: 465–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolk, L., 1929, Origin of racial characteristics in man, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 13: 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, J. T., and Horn, H. S., 1982, Selection for size, shape, and developmental timing, in: Evolution and Development (J. T. Bonner, ed), pp. 259–276, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bromage, T. G., 1985, Taung facial remodeling: A growth and development study, in: Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future (P. V. Tobias, ed.), pp. 239–246, Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromage, T. G., and Dean, M. C., 1985, Re-evaluation of the age at death of immature fossil hominids, Nature 317: 525–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, P. J., and Simpson, P., 1984, Intrinsic and extrinsic control of growth in developing organs, Q. Rev. Biol. 59: 387–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaline, J., Marchand, D., and Berge, C., 1986, L’évolution de l’homme: Un modele gradualiste ou ponctualiste?, Bull. Soc. R. Belge Anthropol. Prehist. 97:77–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, D. K., Condon, K., Cheverud, J. M., and Buikstra, J. E., 1986, Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 71: 311–321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheverud, J. M., 1982, Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59: 139–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheverud, J. M., 1988, A comparison of phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation, Evolution (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheverud, J. M., Rutledge, J. J., and Atchley, W. R., 1983a, Quantitative genetics of development: Genetic correlations among age-specific trait values and the evolution of ontogeny, Evolution 37: 895–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheverud, J. M., Leamy, L. J., Atchley, W. R., and Rutledge, J. J., 1983b, Quantitative genetics and the evolution of ontogeny. I. Ontogenetic changes in quantitative genetic variance components in randombred mice, Genet. Res. 42:65–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H., 1979a, Home range size, population density and phylogeny in primates, in: Primate Ecology and Human Origins (I. S. Bernstein and E. O. Smith, eds.), pp. 201–214, Garland Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H., 1979b, Comparison and adaptation, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205: 547–565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coolidge, H. J., Jr., 1933, Pan paniscus: Pygmy chimpanzee from south of the Congo River, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18: 1–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corruccini, R. S., 1981, Analytical techniques for Cartesian coordinate data with reference to the relationship between Hylohates and Symphalangus (Hylobatidae; Hominoidea), Syst. Zool. 30: 32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Count, E. W., 1947, Brain and body weight in man: Their antecedents in growth and evolution, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 46: 993–1122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, D. L., 1977, Craniofacial Morphology of Pan paniscus, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creel, N., and Preuschoft, H., 1976, Cranial morphology of the lesser apes: A multivariate statistical study, Gibbon Siamang 4: 219–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, J. F., 1986, Cyclic perineal swelling during the intermenstrual intervals of captive female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus), J. Hum Evol. 15: 369–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Beer, G. R., 1930, Embryology and Evolution, Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delson, E., and Andrews, P., 1975, Evolution and interrelationships of the catarrhine primates, in: Phylogeny of the Primates (W. P. Luckett and F. S. Szalay, eds.), pp. 405–446, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Drickamer, L. C., 1981, Selection for age of sexual maturation in mice and the consequences for population regulation, Behav. Neural Biol. 31: 82–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dullemeijer, P., 1975, Bolk’s foetalization theory, Acta Morphol. Neerl. Scand 13: 77–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan, L. M., 1982, Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds, Eden Press, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenart, R., and Deblock, R., 1973, Pan paniscus et Pan troglodytes Craniometrie, Étude Comparative et Ontogénetique selon les méthodes classiques et vestibulaire, Mus. Roy. Afrique Central, Ann. Ser. in 8°, Sci. Zool, 204: 1–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, W. L., 1982, The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny, PaleobioJogy 8: 254–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle, J. G., and Kay, R. F., 1983, New interpretations of the phyletic position of Oligocene hominoids, in: New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry (R. L. Ciochon and R. S. Corruccini, eds.), pp. 181–210, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, S., 1980, Callithricids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the Callithricidae in the Platyrrhini, Primates 21: 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frazzetta, T. H., 1975, Complex Adaptations in Evolving Populations, Sinnauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier-Hion, A., 1973, Social and ecological features of Talapoin monkeys: Comparisons with other cercopithecines, in: Comparative Ecology and Behavior of Primates (R. P. Michael and J. H. Crook, eds.), pp. 148–170, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier-Hion, A., and Gautier, J.-P., 1976, Croissance, maturite sexuelle et sociale, et reproduction chez les cercopithecines forestiers africains, Folia Primatol. 26: 165–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geist, V., 1986, The paradox of the great Irish stags, Nat Hist. 5(3): 54–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiglieri, M. P., 1984, The Chimpanzees of Kibale Forest, Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goss, R. J., 1964, Adaptive Growth, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1966, Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny, Biol. Rev. 41: 587–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1971, Geometric similarity in allometric growth: A contribution to the problem of scaling in the evolution of size, Am. Nat. 105: 113–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1974, The evolutionary significance of “bizarre” structures: Antler size and skull size in the “Irish Elk,” Megaloceros giganteus, Evolution 28: 191–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1975, Allometry in primates, with emphasis on scaling and the evolution of the brain, in: Approaches to Primate Paleobiology (F. S. Szalay, ed.), pp. 244–292, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1977, Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C., 1979, The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205: 481–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. K., 1983, Epigenetic control in development and evolution, in: Development and Evolution (B. C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C. G. Wylie, eds.), pp. 353–379, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. K., 1984, Developmental processes underlying heterochrony as an evolutionary mechanism, Can. J. Zool. 62: 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K., Sara, V. R., Enberg, G., and Ritzen, E. M., 1981, Somatomedins and postnatal growth, in: Biology of Normal Human Growth (E. M. Ritzen, K. Hall, A. Zetterberg, A. Aperia, A. Larsson, and R. Zetterstrom, eds.), pp. 275–283, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanken, J., 1982, Appendicular skeletal morphology in minute salamaders, genus Thorius (Amphibia: Plethodontidae): Growth regulation, adult size determination, and natural variation, J. Morphol. 174: 57–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herschkovitz, P., 1977, New World Monkeys (Platyrrhinil), Vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiernaux, J., 1968, La Diversité Humaine en Afrique Subsaharienne, Recherches Biologiques, Institut de Sociologie de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiernaux, J., 1977, Long-term biological effects of human migration from the African savana to the equatorial forest: A case study of human adaptation to a hot and wet climate, in: Population Structure and Human Variation (G. A. Harrison, ed.), pp. 187–217, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintz, R. L., 1985, Control mechanisms of prenatal bone growth, in: Normal and Abnormal Bone Growth (A. Dixon and B. G. Sarnat, eds.), pp. 25–34, Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, A. B., Cheek, D. B., Mellitus, E. D., and Hill, D. G., 1975, Brain size and the relation of the primate to the nonprimate, in: Fetal and Postnatal Cellular Growth: Hormones and Nutrition (D. B. Cheek, ed.), pp. 23–44, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, A. D., 1975, Adaptations of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) to the forests of the Zaire Basin, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 42:307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J. S., 1932, Problems of Relative Growth, MacVeagh, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarman, P., 1983, Mating system and sexual dimorphism in large, terrestrial, mammalian herbivores, Biol. Rev. 58: 485–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jerison, H. J., 1979, Brain, body and encephalization in early primates, J. Hum. Evol. 8: 615–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jungers, W. L., and Susman, R. L., 1984, Body size and skeletal allometry in African apes, in: The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior (R. L. Susman, ed.), pp. 131–178, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano, T., 1980, The social group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Primates 23: 171–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M. J., 1980, Allometry formula: A cellular model, Growth 44: 89–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kollman, J., 1905, Neue Gedanken uber das alter Problem von der Abstammung des Menschen, Corresp.-Bl. Deutsch. Ges. Anthropol. Ethnol. Urges. 36: 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, S., 1980, Social behavior of the pygmy chimpanzees, Primates 20: 161–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, S., 1986, Developmental retardation and behavioral characteristics in the pygmy chimpanzees, Paper presented at the symposium, Understanding Chimpanzees, November 1986, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitman, J. T., and Crelin, E. S., 1980, Developmental change in the upper respiratory system of human infants, Perinatol. Neonatol. 4: 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitman, J. T., and Heimbuch, R. C., 1982, The basicranium of Plio-Pleistocene hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59:323–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laitman, J. T., and Heimbuch, R. C., 1984, A measure of basicranial flexion in Pan paniscus, the pygmy chimpanzee, in: The Pygmy Chimpanzee (R. L. Susman, ed.), pp. 49–64, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Laitman, J. T., Heimbuch, R. C., and Crelin, E. S., 1978, Developmental change in a basicranial line and its relationship to the upper respiratory system in living primates, Am. J. Anat. 152: 467–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R., 1979, Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body allometry, Evolution 33: 402–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R., 1982, A quantitative genetic theory of life history evolution, Ecology 63: 607–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauder, G. V., 1981, Form and function: Structural analysis in evolutionary morphology, Paleobiology 7: 430–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leutenegger, W., 1977, Neonatal-maternal weight relationship in macaques: An example of intrageneric scaling, Folia Primatol. 27: 153–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leutenegger, W., 1980, Monogamy in callitrichids: A consequence of phyletic dwarfism? Int. J. Primatol. 11:95–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leutenegger, W., 1984, Encephalization in Proconsul africanus, Nature 309:287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leutenegger, W., and Larson, S., 1985, Sexual development of the postcranial skeleton of New World monkeys, Folia Primatol. 44: 82–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitch, L. C., 1986, Ontogenetic allometry of small-bodied platyrrhines, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 69: 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P., 1984, The Biology and Evolution of Language, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manley-Buser, K. A., 1986, A heterochronic study of the human foot. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 69: 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquer, P., 1972, Nouvelle contribution a l’étude du squelette des pygmées occidentaux du centre Africain comparé à celui des pygmées orientaux, Mem. Nat. Hist. A 72: 1–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHenry, M., and Corruccini, R. S., 1981, Pan paniscus and human evolution, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 54: 355–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, M. L., 1984, Allometry and heterochrony in an Eocene echinoid lineage: Morphological change as a byproduct of size selection, Paleobiology 10: 407–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, M. L., and Schoch, R. M., 1985, Titanothere allometry, heterochrony, and biomechanics: Revising an evolutionary classic, Evolution 39: 1352–1363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, K. J., 1986, A guide to the nomenclature of heterochrony, J. Paleontol. 60: 4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merimee, T. J., Zapf, J., and Froesch, E. R., 1982, Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in pygmies and subjects with the pygmy trait: Characterization of the metabolic actions of IGFI and IGFII in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 1081–1088.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mobb, G. E., and Wood, B. A., 1977, Allometry and sexual dimorphism in the primate innominate bone, Am. J. Anat. 150: 531–538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, M. F. A., 1962, Time, morphology, and neoteny in the evolution of man, in: Culture and the Evolution of Man (M. F. A. Montagu, ed.), pp. 324–342, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, M. F. A., 1981, Growing Young, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M. L., Moss-Salentijn, L., Vilmann, H., and Newell-Morriss, L., 1982, Neuro-skeletal topology of the primate basicranium: its implications for the “fetalization hypothesis,” Gegenbaurs morph Jahrb., Leipzig 128: 58–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmiter, R. D., Norstedt, G., Gelinas, R. E., Hammer, R. E., and Brinster, R. L., 1982, Metallothioneinhuman GH fusion genes stimulate growth in mice, Science 222: 809–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilbeam, D. R., and Gould, S. J., 1974, Size and scaling in human evolution, Science 186: 892–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radinsky, L., 1973, Aegyptopithecus endocasts: oldest record of a pongid brain, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 39: 239–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raemakers, J., 1984, Large versus small gibbons: Relative roles of bioenergetics and competition in their ecological segregation in sympatry, in: The Lesser Apes (H. Preuschoft, D. J. Chivers, W. Y. Brockelman, and N. Creel, eds.), pp. 209–218, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rails, K., 1977, Sexual dimorphism in mammals: Avian models and unanswered questions, Am. Nat. 111: 917–938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riska, B., 1986, Some models for development, growth, and morphometric correlation, Evolution 40: 1303–1311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riska, B., and Atchley, W. R., 1985, Genetics of growth predict patterns of brain-size evolution, Science 229: 668–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. T., 1972, Early Hominid Posture and Locomotion, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, P. S., 1984, Foraging and social systems of orangutans and chimpanzees, in: Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates (P. S. Rodman and J. G. H. Cant, eds.), pp. 161–194, Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T. E., 1977, Variation in age at puberty in monkeys, Folia Primatol. 27:284–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A. H., 1933, Observations on the growth, classification, and evolutionary specializations of gibbons and siamangs, Hum. Biol. 5: 212–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A. H., 1969, The Life of Primates, Universe Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1981, Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 56: 179–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1982, Growth and size allometry in the African Pongidae: Cranial and postcranial analyses, Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1983a, Phyletic size change and brain/body scaling: A consideration based on the African pongids and other primates, Int. J. Primatol. 4:33–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1983b, Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form, Folia Primatol. 40: 32–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1983c, Paedomorphosis and neoteny in the pygmy chimpanzee, Science 222:521–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1983d, Allometry and heterochrony in the African apes, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 62: 275–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1984, An allometric perspective on the morphological and evolutionary relationships between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common (Pan troglodytes) chimpanzees, in: The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior (R. L. Susman, ed.), pp. 89–130, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1985a, Ontogenetic allometry and scaling: A discussion based on the growth and form of the skull in African apes, in: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology (W. L. Jungers, ed.), pp. 175–206, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1985b, The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes, Am. J. Primatol. 8: 183–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1986a, Scapula form and locomotion in chimpanzee evolution, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 70: 475–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., 1986b, Ontogenetic approaches to sexual dimorphism in anthropoids, Hum. Evol. 1: 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., in press, Neoteny and heterochrony in human evolution, in: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Human Species (R. D. Martin, D. Pilbeam, and S. Jones, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., and Groves, C. P., 1987, Evolutionary implications of size and shape Variation in the genus Pan, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72: 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., and Pagezy, H., 1988, Allometric analyses of body form in Central African pygmies, Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 75:269–270 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., Hammer, R. E., and Brinster, R. L., 1987, Growth allometry of the organs in giant transgenic mice, EndocrinoJogy 121: 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, B. T., Hammer, R. E., and Brinster, R. L., in preparation, Cranial and postcranial skeletal growth allometries in giant transgenic mice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. G., 1953, The Major Features of Evolution, Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H., 1986, Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo, Nature 323: 327–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starck, D., 1962, Der heutige Stand des Fetalisations-problems, Paul Parey, Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, R. L., Badrian, N. L., and Badrian, A. I., 1980, Locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in Zaire, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53: 69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutin, C. E. G., and Fernandez, M., 1985, Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla g. gorilla and Pan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data, Int. J. Primatol. 6: 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Koppel, J. M. H., and Hewlett, B. S., 1986, Growth of Aka pygmies and Bagandus of the Central African Republic, in: African Pygmies (L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, ed.), pp. 95–102, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheyen, W. N., 1962, Contribution a la craniologie comparée des primates, Mus. R. A/r. Cent. Tervuren BeJg. Ann. Ser. Octav. Ser. Zool. 105: 1–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wake, D. B., 1980, Evidence of heterochronic evolution: A nasal bone in the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus, J. Herpetol. 14: 292–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wake, D. B., 1982, Functional and evolutionary morphology, Perspect. Biol. Med. 25: 603–620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., Falk, D., Smith, R., and Pickford, M., 1983, The skull of Proconsul africanus: Reconstruction and cranial capacity, Nature 305: 525–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, R. K., 1986, Cranial morphology of domestic and wild canids: The influence of development on morphological change, Evolution 40: 243–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedenreich, F., 1941, The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 31: 321–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, R. H., 1974, Evolution of social organization and life-history patterns among grouse, Q. Rev. Biol. 49: 201–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Anthropology and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA

    Brian T. Shea

Authors
  1. Brian T. Shea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, and Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1410, USA

    Michael L. McKinney

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shea, B.T. (1988). Heterochrony in Primates. In: McKinney, M.L. (eds) Heterochrony in Evolution. Topics in Geobiology, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0795-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0795-0_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0797-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0795-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation