Abstract
The balsam woolly adelgid, also known as the balsam woolly aphid, is native to the silver fir (Abies alba) forests of central Europe. The insect was introduced into North America around 1900. Although European firs are not seriously affected by this adelgid, North American firs frequently experience either crown dieback or tree death, or both.
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Hain, F.P. (1988). The Balsam Woolly Adelgid in North America. In: Berryman, A.A. (eds) Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Population Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_5
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