Abstract
In the Italian peninsula during the first millennium B.C., there existed at various periods complex cultural systems which achieved at their peak a proto-state or full state level of organization. One of these, the Greek city-state group of Sicily and southern Italy, was a colonial implant from the eastern Mediterranean which from the eighth century to the second century B.C. developed its own distinctive western Mediterranean characteristics (Boardman 1964). A second such complex cultural system was represented by the city-states of the Etruscans whose heartland was located just north of Rome. The Etruscans are now regarded by most archaeologists as a cultural group which evolved from Iron Age roots in the Italian peninsula, albeit with strong influence from the Greek world (Pallottino 1978; Torelli 1986).
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Dyson, S.L. (1988). Rise of Complex Societies in Italy: Historical Versus Archaeological Perspectives. In: Gibson, D.B., Geselowitz, M.N. (eds) Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0777-6_9
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