Abstract
One feature of the 1970s was a series of important renewals of safety and compensation institutions. In many countries safety reforms served to reinforce the standards approach and, in particular, the administration of standards by central government.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
P. K. Beck. The role of regulation, in United States Department of Labor. 1980. Protecting People at Work: A Reader in Occupational Safety and Health,pp. 121–127 (p. 123). Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor.
J. Mendeloff. 1979. Regulating Safety, pp. 157–158. Cambridge: MIT Press.
A. Martignani and M. Biocca. 1990. Analyses and Perspectives of Occupational Health in the Italian National Health System, p. 3. Unpublished paper presented at the World Congress of Sociology, Madrid.
Japan Institute of Labour. 1982. Industrial and Health, pp. 5–6. Japanese IR Series 9. Tokyo: Japan Institute of Labour.
S. Kelman. 1981. Regulating America, Regulating Sweden-A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy, p. 202. Cambridge: MIT Press. H. U. Deppe. 1983. Work, disease, and occupational medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany. in V. Navarro and D. M. Berman (eds.), 1983. Health and Work under Capitalism, pp. 193–207 (p. 204). Farmin&dale, NY: Baywood.
M. Juffe. 1980. A Corps Perdu, pp. 149–150. Paris: Seuil.
S. Deutsch. 1981. Extending workplace democracy: struggles to come in job safety and health. Labor Studies Journal 6 (Spring): 124–132 (p. 125).
I. B. Campbell. 1983. Introduction: New Zealand occupational health and safety legislation viewed against the world scene. New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations 8(2):87–96. In South Australia safety laws were changed in 1972, in Tasmania in 1977, and in Victoria in 1981. In Canada: Saskatchewan in 1972 and 1977, Alberta, Manitoba, and New Brunswick in 1976, Newfoundland and Ontario in 1978, and Quebec in 1979 adopted new safety laws (p. 88).
C. Possas. 1981. Saude e Trabalho: A Crise da Previdencia Social, p. 134. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, refers to a governmental circular obliging companies to mount specialized safety and health departments. She also refers to the government’s certification of 40,000 work safety specialists between 1973 and 1976 (p. 132).
M. Bauer. 1982. Work accidents and their effect on the Czechoslovakian economy. Journal of Occupational Accidents 4:205–223 (p. 207).
G. Palmer. 1979. Compensation for Incapacity. Wellington: Oxford University Press.
Organization Internationale du Travail. 1985 Analyse Comparative des Rapports des Missions Tripartites d’Evaluation de l’Efficacité des Systémes d’Inspection du Travail dans Sept Pays d’Europe Occidentale: Republique Fédérale d’Allemagne, Belgique, Danemark, France, Italie, Norvege, Royaume-Uni, p. 13. Geneva: Organisation Internationale du Travail. The number of inspectors in Italy dropped from 3,149 in 1973 to 2,565 in 1982.
Kelman, 1981, p. 82.
V. Navarro. 1983. The determinants of social policy a case study: Regulating health and safety at the workplace in Sweden. International Journal of Health Services 13(4):517–561.
G. Perkel and E. Frumin. 1980. Collective bargaining: Another approach to job safety and health, in United States Department of Labor, 1980, p. 259.
J. Lloyd. 1983. Health and safety at work could be threatened. Financial Times April 19. G. Assennato and V. Navarro. 1983. Workers’ participation and control in Italy: The case of occupational medicine, in Navarro and Berman (eds.), 1983, pp. 152–167 (p. 166).
H. Makinen. 1982. Evaluation of the influence of regulation for presses. Journal of Occupational Accidents 4:177 (abstract of a paper in Finnish).
J. Wisniewski. 1983. Les Accidents du Travail: Qui Paie Quoi? p. 164. Paris: Les Editions d’Organisation.
S. A. Levitan, P. Carlson, and I. Shapiro. 1986. Protecting American Workers, pp. 119120. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs. R. S. Smith. 1979. The impact of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injury rates. Journal of Human Resources 14(2):145–170. G. K. Wilson. 1985. The Politics of Safety and Health, p. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anon. 1986. Occupational Safety and Health 2(2):16.
Anon. 1987. Danger comes cheaper. The Economist November 14, p. 68.
W. T. Singleton. 1982. Accidents and the progress of technology. Journal of Occupational Accidents 4:91–102 (p. 98).
W. T. Singleton. 1983. Occupational safety and health systems: A three country comparison. International Labour Review 122(2):155–168 (p. 168).
N. A. Ashford. 1976. Crisis in the Workplace, p. 46. Cambridge: MIT Press.
W. Baldamus. 1979. Alienation, anomie and industrial accidents, in M. J. Wilson (ed.), 1979. Social and Educational Research in Action, pp. 104–140 (p. 105). London: Longman/Open University Press.
B. Solins. 1974. Une Exploitation Intensive des Statistiques Nationales d’Accidents du Travail. Aix: Laboratoire d’Économie et Sociologie du Travail. p. 235. B. Solins. 1976. Une exploitation des statistiques nationales des accidents du travail. Revue Économique 27(3):433–482. Y. Saillard and A. Serbert Samier. 1975. Une analyse sectorielle des accidents du travail. Economie et Statistique 73:67–74.
J. Kronick et al. 1978. Community Responsibility: The New Zealand Accident Compensation Act as a Value Response to Technological Development, pp. 250–251. Unpublished report funded by National Science Foundation. (Grant No.OSS 76–14794). I. K. Walker. 1981. Occupational Safety: An Inquiry into the Coordination of Legislation on Industrial Health, Safety and Welfare. Wellington: State Services Commission. For further information on New Zealand, especially pp. 125–127 where an increase in numbers of inspectors from one per 3,700 to one per 2,200 construction workers accompanies a slight reduction in accidents.
J. B. Gordon, A. Ackman, and M. L. Brooks. 1971. Industrial Safety Statistics: A Reexamination, p. 10. New York, Praeger.
Baldamus, 1979, p. 119.
P. Jardillier. 1965. L’Organisation Humaine des Entreprises, pp. 289–302. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
See: J. Irvine, I. Miles, and J. Evans (eds.). 1979. Demystifying Social Statistics, p. 232. London: Pluto.
Institute for Operational Research. 1972. A Study of the Statistics Relating to Health and Safety at Work, p. 41. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
A. R. Hale and M. Hale. 1972. A Review of the Industrial Accident Research Literature, p. 81. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
S. W. Malasky. 1974. System Safety, p. 310. New York: Hayden.
Baldamus, 1979, p. 111.
Personal correspondence of June 10, 1988 from M. J. J. Vogt, Director of Study and Research at the INRS research center at Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy.
T. Dwyer (ed.). 1983. The Industrial Accident Data Base. Wellington: Department of Labour, lists 17 research papers having being compiled in the 1975–1980 period compared with 5 in the “prerupture” 1962–1967 period.
J. F. Short. 1984. The social fabric at risk: Toward the social transformation of risk analysis. American Sociological Review 49 (December): 711–725. Refers to Inhaber and Norman’s finding that the number of Citation Index article titles containing “risk” in them grew twelvefold during the 1966–1982 period and as a fraction of total entries grew sixfold (p. 712).
C. Sinclair. 1972. A Cost-Effectiveness Approach to Safety. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
L. Ellis. 1975. A review of research on efforts to promote occupational safety. Journal of Safety Research 7(4): 180–189 (pp. 186–187).
F. C. Rinefort. 1980. A new look at occupational safety: A cost-benefit analysis of selected Texas industries, in D. Petersen and J. Goodale. 1980. Readings in Industrial Accident Prevention, pp. 36–48 (p. 36). New York: McGraw-Hill. (Originally published in 1970.)
Rinefort, 1980, pp. 47–48.
W. K. Viscusi. 1978. Labor market valuations of life and limb: Empirical evidence and policy implications. Public Policy 26(3):359–386 (pp. 368, 370).
R. Stephaneck and D. Donadi. 1981. Essai d’appréciation de la gravité subjective des accidents du travail. Le Travail Humain 44(2):241–250. M. W. Jones-Lee (ed.). 1982. The Value of Life and Safety Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. (Proceedings of a conference on the theme held by the “Geneva Association.”)
Viscusi, 1978, p. 364.
R. S. Smith. 1974. The feasibility of an “injury tax” approach to occupational safety. Law and Contemporary Problems 38(4):730–744.
R. A. Olsen. 1973. Research implications of the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970: A report on a symposium. Accident Analysis and Prevention 5(1):67–76 (p. 70).
United States Department of Labor, 1980, p. 186.
D. J. Curran. 1984. Symbolic solutions for deadly dilemmas: An analysis of federal coal mine health and safety legislation. International Journal of Health Services 14(1):529 (pp. 17–18).
Rinefort, 1980, p. 47.
D. F. Jones. 1973. Occupational Safety Programmes-Are They Worth It? p. A2–11. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Labour. (See also pp. A4–1-A4–6.)
D. M. Berman. 1978. Death on the Job, p. 62. New York: Monthly Review Press. Berman is discussing the costs of both industrial death and disease, but estimates that real wage losses are much higher than his $18.2 billion figure.
J. Carpentier. 1971. Ergonomie et sécurité. Le Travail Humain 34(1):117–126 (p. 125).
International Labour Office. 1973. Labour Inspection: Purposes and Practice. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. This report, in a manner similar to my treatment, does not consider differences in organizational structures as important.
J. M. Gleason and D. T. Barnum. 1978. Effectiveness of OSHA sanctions in influencing employer behavior: Single and multi-period decision models. Accident Analysis and Prevention 10(1):35–49 (p. 47).
Ashford, 1976, p. 19.
P. Salim. 1983. The robots are coming: And taking over the hazardous jobs nobody wants. Professional Safety 28(3):17–23 (p. 23).
D. MacGregor and P. Slovic. 1986. Perceived acceptability of risk analysis as a decision-making approach. Risk Analysis 6(2):245–256.
F. R. Sizemore. 1980. Management consideration of the legal aspects of unsafe products. Hazard Prevention 16(12):16–21 (p. 20).
J. Lederer. 1986. How far have we come? A look back at the leading edge of system safety 18 years ago. Hazard Prevention 22(3): 8–10 (p. 10). See also C. O. Miller. 1985. A comparison of military and civil approaches to aviation system safety. Hazard Prevention 21(3):29–34.
Sizemore, 1980, p. 21.
S. R. Concha. 1983. Editorial. Hazard Prevention 19(2):2.
Various authors. 1986. The first 75 years. Professional Safety Supplement, October:2.
V. de Keyser. 1984. Editorial. Société d’Ergonomie de Langue Française-Bulletin de Liasion 32:3–5. See also the letter to the former author by F. Guérin (pp. 5–6) in the same publication. There also exists a current within the discipline that appears favorable to notions of systemic safety.
Berman, 1978, p. 72.
D. Moyen, E. Quinot, and M. Heimfert. 1980. Exploitation d’Analyses d’Accidents du Travail à des Fins de Prevention. Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. (Notes scientifiques et techniques de l’INRS, No. 23).
D. Duclos. 1989 La Peur et le Savoir, p. 251. Paris: Decouverte. See also his treatment of engineers where he observes, referring to practices that were assuming a certain importance in the construction industry at the time I investigated it (and constituted one important basis of the differences observed in the previous chapter between French and New Zealand safety management): “the more the elements of a system are integrated the more safety moves forward” (p. 135).
S. Dawson, P. Willman, A. Clinton, and M. Bamford, 1988. Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation, p. 205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anon. 1986. By-laws of the System Safety Society. Hazard Prevention 22(5):22–25 (p. 23).
Various authors, 1986, pp. 13–14.
Rinefort, 1980, p. 47.
J. S. Felton. 1976. 200 years of occupational medicine in the U.S. Journal of Occupational Medicine 18(12):809–817. The author advocates “strong cost-effective planking” for the discipline (p. 816).
de Keyser, 1984, p. 4, raises specific questions relating to the inclusion of criteria of profitability and productivity in ergonomics.
R. Wilson and E. Crouch. 1982. Risk/Benefit Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Berman, 1978, pp. 104–105.
Juffe, 1980, p. 142. R. C. Clutterbuck. 1983. The state of industrial ill-health in the United Kingdom, in Navarro and Berman (ads.), 1983, pp. 141–151 (p. 146). Levitan et al., 1986, pp. 26–31.
J. J. Sheehan. 1981. Cost Benefit Analysis: A Technique Gone Awry. Paper Presented at the Third Annual Park City Environmental Health Conference, Salt Lake City.
The French journal, Médecine et Travail, reflects these tensions; an example can be found in number 119, 1984, where the column “La Presse et Nous” sees the Industrial Doctors Association’s general secretary replying to those who would wish to impose limited definitions on the role of the medical practitioner in industry. D. Nelkin. 1985. Ethical conflicts in occupational medicine, in D. Nelkin (ed.). 1985. The Language of Risk, pp. 135–153. Beverly Hills: Sage.
A. Gerwirth. 1982. The Moral and Cultural Values That Determine Views of Health and Safety In the Workplace, the Moral Values: What Should Be? p. 13. Unpublished paper prepared for the conference of the Labor Policy Institute. Washington, DC, on “The Environment of the Workplace and Human Values,” May 20–22. J. K. M. Gevers. 1983. Worker participation in health and safety in the EEC: The role of representative institutions. International Labour Review 122(4):411–428. “Some labour unions seem to regard health as a moral absolute...” (p. 414).
C. Reasons, L. Ross, and C. Patterson. 1981. Assault on the Worker: Occupational Safety and Health in Canada, pp. 252–257. Toronto, Butterworths.
Juffe, 1980, p. 31.
W. Adams and H. J. Jaffe. 1972. Too Little and Too Late. p. 12. New York: Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University. (Report on Contract No. 116 of National Commission of State Workmen’s Compensation Laws.)
National Commission on State Workmen’s Compensation Laws. 1972. The Report of the National Commission on State Workmen’s Compensation Laws. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Woodhouse Report. 1967. Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry,Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer.
Pearson Commission. 1978. Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Juffe, 1980, p. 31–32.
F. Morgenstern. 1982. Deterrence and Compensation: Legal Liability in Occupational Safety and Health, p. 70. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
Berman, 1978, pp. 71–73 and p. 240, where benefits are calculated as a percentage of covered payrolls.
Wilson, 1985, p. 4. During the 1970s “the number of states providing workers with compensation benefits equivalent to two-thirds or more of salary rose from twenty-three to forty-seven.”
M. Brancoli. 1973. The Financial Aspects of Insurance Against Employment Accidents, p. 37. Geneva: International Social Security Association. (Paper prepared for the 18th General Assembly in Abjidan.)
Brancoli, 1973, p. 41.
P. R. Kaim-Caudle. 1973. Comparative Social Policy and Social Security, p. 97. London: Martin Robertson.
P. Shannon. 1982. Bureaucratic initiative in capitalist New Zealand: A case study of the Accident Compensation Act of 1972. American Journal of Sociology 88 (Suppl):S154S175.
Kronick et al., 1978, pp. 564–565.
Kronick et al., 1978, p. 333.
Kronick et al., 1978, pp. 310–311.
F. Ewald. 1981. Formation de la notion d’accident du travail Sociologie du Travail 23(1):3–13, treats an early French legal decision of 1841 in such terms.
The full implications of this shift, that all compensation funds be drawn from general taxation revenues, have not been drawn. See also F. Ewald. 1986. L’État Providence, pp. 417–427. Paris: Grasset, for an interesting reflection on responsibility and “technological” accidents.
M. A. Vojtecky and M. F. Smith. 1986. Program evaluation and health and safety training. Journal of Safety Research 17(2):57–63. On p. 62, they cite such costs as a reason for companies to rationalize their health and safety training by evaluation processes.
R. de Reamer. 1980. Modern Safety and Health Technology, pp. 20–22. New York: Wiley.
E. Bardach and R. A. Kagan (eds.). 1982. Social Regulation: Strategies for Reform, p. 254. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
J. O’Connell. 1987. Tort versus no-fault: Compensation and injury prevention. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19(1): 63–71 (p. 69). Bardach and Kagan (eds.), 1982, plot the reflex of this move in the rise in product safety functions in firms during the 1970s: in “nondivisionalized companies” the percentage rose from 26 at the beginning of the decade to 79 toward its end, comparable increases being observed in divisionalized companies (p. 291).
O’Connell, 1987. J. L. Croyle. 1978. Industrial accident liability policy of the early 20th century. Journal of Legal Studies 7(2):270–298, sees the introduction of no-fault statutes in these times when the costs to employers of common law damages are becoming significant as paralleling the early history of accident compensation.
P. Aries. 1974. Western Attitudes Towards Death, p. 100. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. E. Morin. 1951. L’Homme et la Mort. Paris: Correa, states that death changes qualitatively with a rising life expectancy, the desire for immortality rises, and the struggle against accidents is seen as a struggle against an ugly death.
D. Mechanic. 1985. Physicians and patients in transition. Hastings Center Report 15(6):9–12.
Wilson and Crouch, 1982, p. 3, citing the Marsh and McLennan Companies.
Wilson and Crouch, 1982, pp. 3–4.
Duclos, 1989, p. 249. An earlier date than 1981, which Duclos gives for the United States, is used.
Russell Sage Foundation. (n.d.). The Russell Sage Foundation: 1980 and 1981, p. 17. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. C. Eastman. 1910. Work Accidents and the Law. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
M. Douglas and A. Wildaysky. 1982. Risk and Culture, pp. 83–101. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
G. H. Daniels. 1983. Review of M. Douglas and A. Wildaysky. 1982. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science May, pp. 237–238.
C. Perrow. 1984. Normal Accidents. New York: Basic Books.
Perrow, 1984, pp. 315–324. Perrow also treats a third type of rationality, “bounded rationality,” that is not considered important for this discussion.
Perrow, 1984, p. 328.
Perrow, 1984, chapters 1, 2, 8, and 9.
R. E. Kasperson. 1986. Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication. Risk Analysis 6(3):275–281.
H. Otway and K. Thomas. 1982. Reflections on risk perception and policy. Risk Analysis 2(2):69–82.
Kasperson, 1986. For different versions, see J. M. Doderlein. 1983. Understanding risk management. Risk Analysis 3(1):17–21. H. Otway. 1987. Experts, risk communication, and democracy. Risk Analysis 7(2): 125–129.
The United States economy has been cushioned against liability suits in case of a nudear accident by a law that limits these. Other sectors do not benefit from similar protection.
See note 103. See also Ewald, 1986, pp. 417–427.
J. R. Green. 1980. The World of the Worker-Labor in Twentieth Century America, pp. 244245. New York: Hill and Wang. A famous case is portrayed in the 1983 film Silkwood, directed by Mike Nichols, Fox.
P. Stevenson. 1990. Hill and Molton’s big PR problem: An interview with Robert Dilenschneider. Manhattan Ink, July, pp. 61–68. It is claimed that had a different public relations approach been used, “Three Mile Island wouldn’t be etched into the public mind.” B. Yagoda. 1990. Cleaning up a dirty image. Business Month 135(4):48–51.
P. Lagadec. 1981. La Civilisation du Risque, pp. 218–219. Paris: Seuil, treats the French state’s systematic resort to secrecy to limit public knowledge about the operation of high-risk technologies.
A. Touraine. 1968. Le Communisme Utopique, p. 280. Paris: Seuil.
G. Cerruti, S. Zedda, L. Conti, C. Caderna et al. 1977. Survivre d Seveso? Grenoble: Maspero and Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
Lagadec, 1981, pp. 37, 39.
New York Times 1985, January 28, pp. Alff., January 30, pp. Alff., January 31, pp. Alff. and February 3, pp. Alff.
S. Hazarika. 1987. Bhopal: The Lessons of a Tragedy, pp. 66–68. New Delhi: Penguin.
W. P. Rogers (Chairman). 1986. Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, p. 152. Washington, DC: Presidential Commission.
J. J. Trento. 1987. Prescription for Disaster: From the Glory of Apollo to the Betrayal of the Shuttle. New York: Crown.
Rogers, 1986, p. 148. H. S. Schwartz. 1987. On the psychodynamics of organizational disaster: The case of the space shuttle challenger. Columbia Journal of World Business 22(1):59–67, develops a different explanation; using psychological categories he builds an interpretation that is located in the development of narcissistic existential dilemma within NASA. “Why we should have come to think that we could solve such problems through technology or through organization is a question that goes to the root of the tragedy that we have found.” p. 67.
Rogers, 1986, p. 194.
Rogers, 1986, p. 141.
Rogers, 1986, p. 159.
Rogers, 1986, pp. 154, 193.
Rogers, 1986. p. 201.
T. K. Pethe. 1986. Message from the President. Hazard Prevention 22(4):2.
E. W. Hagen. 1980. Common mode/common cause failure: A review. Nuclear Safety 21(2):184–192.
Perrow, 1984, pp. 70–71.
Perrow, 1984, p. 31.
Syndicat CFDT de l’Energie Atomique. 1975. L’Electronucléaire en France. Paris: Seuil. G. Medvedev. 1990. La Vérité sur Tchernobyl. Paris: Albin Michel. N. Hawkes et al. 1986. Chernobyl: O Fim do Sonho Nuclear, pp. 77–87. Rio de Janeiro: Jose Olympio.
Perrow, 1984, p. 45.
Perrow, 1984, pp. 21–22.
Perrow, 1984, p. 26.
Medvedev, 1990, pp. 118–144.
Perrow, 1984, pp. 342–352.
Wilson, 1985, p. 169.
D. Duclos. 1984. La santé et le travail, pp. 74–86. Paris: Decouverte.
Anon. 1981. Hazards Bulletin 25:3. (Commentary on the new British lead regulations and code of practice.)
Deutsch, 1981, p. 130.
D. Duclos. 1984. La santé au travail comme théme d’action militante: l’Expérience des groupes C.O.S.H. aux États-Unis. Sociologie du Travail 2:177–194.
Assennato and Navarro, 1983, p. 166, have seen this movement to be more pro-labor than pro-management, but having in recent times lost some of their original emphasis on giving priority to workers’ versions and analyses of their illnesses. Martignani and Biocca, 1990, analyze the recent efforts of this movement in a more optimistic frame.
B. Bartlett et al. 1979. The politics of occupational health. New Doctor 13:12–18.
L. Rosenstock and N. H. Heyer. 1982. Emergence of occupational medical services outside the workplace. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3:217–223.
P. R. Davis. 1983. Ergonomics in the United Kingdom: Another crossroads. Ergonomics 26(2):121–122.
Dudos, 1989, pp. 107–135.
Hale and Hale, 1972, p. 81. T. Nichols. 1975. The sociology of accidents and the social production of industrial injury, in G. Esland et al. 1975. People and Work, pp. 217–229. Edinburgh and Milton Keynes: Holmes McDougal, and Open University Press.
Ewald, 1981, p. 13.
L. Hirschorn. 1984. Beyond Mechanization: Work and Technology in a Postindustrial Age, p. 158. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hirschorn, 1984, pp. 162, 169.
B. Gardell and G. Johansson (eds.). 1981. Working Life: A Social Science Contribution to Work Reform, pp. 7, 63. Chichester: Wiley. See also Agence Nationale pour l’Amélioration des Conditions de Travail. 1983. L’Apport des Salaries a la Securite, No. 74. Paris: Lettre d’information de l’Agence Nationale pour l’Amélioration des Conditions du Travail, and Hirschorn, 1984, pp. 152–169.
Rinefort, 1980, pp. 47–48.
W. Graebner. 1976. Coal Mining Safety in the Progressive Period, pp. 135–137. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, comments on worker actions in the early part of this century.
Those referring to workers representations do not normally venture so far as to develop complete theoretical models of cause, rather they stop at drawing insights. Theoretical work in the field of industrial safety (and the frequently interrelated area of health) remains sparse. For examples, see D. Nelkin and M. Brown (eds.). 1984. Workers at Risk: Voices from the Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; D. Duclos. 1987. La construction sociale du risque: Le cas des ouvriers de la chimie face aux dangers industriels. Revue Francaise de Sociologie 28:17–42; and V. de Keyser. 1982. La politique du regard. Le Travail Humain 45(1):117–124. In the area of safety management an example of a similar procedure (with a different bent) can be found in J. B. Revelle and L. Boulton. 1981. Worker attitudes and perceptions of safety. Professional Safety 26(12): 28–34. (See also Part 2 of the same article in Professional Safety 27(1):2025.)
The word “frequently” is used because employers do not have the monopoly over claims to be the sole proprietors of truth. In my French construction research, some workers rejected as “political” the treatment to safety that was given by the communist CGT trade union.
E.g., R. Petre. 1968. Workers’ labour inspection delegates in Belgium with particular reference to mining. International Labour Review 97(5):429–445.
G. Roustang. 1983. Worker participation in occupational safety and health matters m France. International Labour Review 122(2):169–182.
Anon. 1977. 1947–1977 Les comités d’hygiène et de sécurité ont 30 ans. Travail et Securite September, pp. 404–412.
M. Rezeau and F. Baque. 1975. La participation des travailleurs a la securite dans les entreprises en France et en Grande-Bretagne. Revue Française des Affaires Sociales 29 (October-December):29–48 (p. 48).
P. B. Beaumont and J. W. Leopold. 1982. A failure of voluntarism: The case of joint health and safety committees in Britain. New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations 7(2):61–75.
United States Department of Labor, 1980, pp. 248–249. In 1971, 22 percent and in 1974–75, 42 percent of United States labor contracts with health and safety provisions called for joint union-management committees. Gevers, 1983, discusses an important increase in EEC countries.
Rezeau and Baque, 1975, p. 43.
R. D. Lyons. 1983. Crews at reactor criticize cleanup. New York Times March 28, cited in Perrow, 1984, p. 30.
R. Sass. 1982. Safety and self-respect. Policy Options July-August, pp. 50–52.
Roustang, 1983, p. 171. J.-Y. Labayle-Couhat. 1984. Droit du retrait: La France est-elle en avance? Cahiers des Comités de Prevention du Bdtiment et des Travaux Publics 2:8–12 Sweden in 1974, Norway in 1977, Holland in 1980 (pp. 8–9).
C. Gersuny. 1981. Work Hazards and Industrial Conflict, p. 123. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Labayle-Couhat, 1984, p. 9. R. Vartabedian. 1990. Lockheed ordered to pay $45 million in firing 3. Los Angeles Times, November 16, pp. Alff.
L. S. Bacow. 1980. Bargaining for Job Safety and Health, p. 65. Cambridge: MIT Press.
S. Dassa and P. Maclouf. 1975. Contribution a l’Étude de l’Organisation de la Sécurité dans l’Entreprise. Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. (Les notes scientifiques et techniques de l’INRS 3.) R. Lenoir. 1980. La notion de l’accident du travail: Enjeu de luttes. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 32–33:77–88 (pp. 82–84).
Y. Shafai-Sahrai. 1973. Determinants of Occupational Injury Experience. East Lansing: Michigan State University, for a highly controlled study. P. B. Beaumont, J. R. Coyle, J. W. Leopold, and T. E. Schuller. 1982. The Determinants of Effective Joint Health and Safety Committees. Glasgow: Centre for Research in Industrial Democracy and Participation, University of Glasgow. Like other studies this ignores effects on accident rates.
A. Borzeix. 1980. Syndicalisme et Organisation du Travail, p. 367. Paris: Centre National des Arts et Metiers.
M. Simard et al. 1985. Les Facteurs d’Efficacité dans l’Organisation de la Prévention des Accidents du Travail. Montreal: Groupe de recherches sur les aspects sociaux de la prévention en santé et sécurité du travail-Université de Montreal (unpublished report: July).
Borzeix, 1980, p. 356.
A. Milanaccio and L. Ricolfi. 1976. Lotte Operaie e Ambiente di Lavoro: Mirafiori 19681974. Turin: Guilio Einaudi.
B. Elie. 1976. Un colloque sur les accidents du travail. Le Monde January 3, p. 12.
Juffe, 1980, pp. 151–152.
Berman, 1978, p. 5.
K. Calavita. 1983. The demise of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration: A case study in symbolic action. Social Problems 30(4):437–448 (p. 444).
Anon. 1981. Safety reps-A training for when factories belong to us. Hazards Bulletin 27:3.
Bacow, 1980, p. 93.
Calavita, 1983, p. 443.
Baldamus, 1979 p. 107. S. Dassa. 1977. Publier? Les obstacles à la publication. Cadres CFDT 278:18–19. Personal discussions with D. M. Berman.
W. Van den Daele et al. 1977. The political direction of scientific development, in E. Mendelsohn et al. (eds.). 1977. Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 1977-The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge, pp. 219–242 (p. 227). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Notes 194–198 only refer to work not already cited in the context of interdisciplinary discussions during the course of this chapter: G. H. Robinson, 1982. Accidents and sociotechnical systems: Principles for design. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14(2):121–130. S. Jasanoff. 1986. Comparative risk assessment: The lessons of cultural variation, in M. L. Richardson. 1986. Toxic Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, pp. 259281. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
V. Walters. 1982. Company doctors’ perceptions of and responses to conflicting pressures from labor and management. Social Problems 30(1):1–12. F. Lert, A. Thebaud, S. Dassa, and M. Goldberg. 1982. La pluridisciplinarité dans la recherche en Santé Publique. Revue de Épidémiologie et Santé Publique 30:451–469. P. Weindling (ed.). 1985. The Social History of Occupational Medicine. London: Croom Helm.
R. Sass and G. Crook. 1981. Accident proneness: Science or non-science? International Journal of Health Services 11(2):175–190. C. Dejours, C. Veil, and A. Wisner. 1985. Psychopathologie du Travail. Paris: Entreprise Moderne d’Édition. C. Dejours (ed.). 1988. Plaisir et Souffrance dans le Travail, Vol. II. Paris: Association pour l’Ouverture du Champ d’Investigation Psychopathologique.
J.-M. Faverge. 1967. La Psychosociologie des Accidents Travail. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. A. Wisner. 1985. Quand Voyagent les Usines. Paris: Syros. C. Perrow. 1983. The organizational context of human factors in engineering. Administrative Science Quarterly 28(December):521–540.
E. Morin. 1988. Seminar on paradigms. Paper delivered to the conference Brasil Seculo 21, July, held at UNICAMP, Campinas. E. Morin. 1977. La Methode 1: La Nature de la Nature. Paris: Seuil. E. Morin. 1980. La Methode 2: La Vie de la Vie. Paris: Seuil. E. Morin 1986. La Methode 3: La Connaissance de la Connaissance. Paris: Seuil. In 1988 a monthly national seminar, Padroes Tecnologicos e Political de Gestao, organized by the Departamento de Sociologia da USP and by the Departamento de Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica da UNICAMP in Sao Paulo, Brazil, brought together a dozen disciplines and subdisciplines from the natural and social sciences as well as engineering to build an essentially sociological discussion about work. S. Rayner. 1986. Management of radiation hazards in hospitals: plural rationalities in a single institution. Social Studies of Science 16:573–591. S. Rayner and R. Cantor. 1987. How fair is safe enough? The cultural approach to societal technology choice. Risk Analysis 7(1):3–9. Short, 1984. W. C. Bogard. 1988. Bringing social theory to hazards research. Sociological Perspectives 31 (2):147–168. L. Clarke. 1988. Explaining choice among technological risks. Social Problems 35 (1):22–35. M. Quinlan. 1988. Psychological and sociological approaches to the study of occupational illness: A critical review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 24(2):189–207.
MacGregor and Slovic, 1986.
T. Mahon. 1981. Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Crash on Mount Erebus, Antarctica of a DC-10 Aircraft Operated by Air New Zealand Limited. Wellington: Government Printer. See also Perrow, 1984.
M. Adato, J. Mackenzie, R. Pollard, and E. Weiss. 1987. Safety Second-The NRC and America’s Nuclear Power Plants. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press (Union of Concerned Scientists). Syndicat CFDT de l’Énergie Atomique, 1975. SNPEA-CFDT. 1976. L’Usine de la Hague. Paris: Confédération Française du Travail. (Supplement to Rayonnement 21) Anon. 1986. Chernobyl could occur every five years. International Environment and Safety News 4(3):1.
New York Times. 1985. January 28, p. Al.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dwyer, T. (1991). Readjusting the Prism. In: Life and Death at Work. Plenum Studies in Work and Industry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0606-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0606-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0608-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0606-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive