Skip to main content

The Staphylococcal Toxins in Human Disease

  • Chapter
Enteric Infections and Immunity

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

Abstract

The staphylococci are involved in many human illnesses and infections, including staphylococcal food poisoning, enterocolitis, pneumonia, sep-ticemia, osteomyelitis, diarrhea, empyema, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), toxic shock syndrome (TSS), boils, infected wounds, and infected incisions. However, most of these illnesses have not been associated with any particular product of the staphylococci, although the staphylococci produce many biologically active products: the enterotoxins (SE), exfoliatin or epidermolytic toxin (ET), toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), hemolysins, proteases, coagulases, nucleases, lipase, phosphatase, and others. Only food poisoning(1) and pseudomembranous enterocolitis (SE),(2) SSS (ET),(3) and TSS (TSST)(4,5) have been associated with particular staphylococcal toxins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bergdoll, M. S., 1989, Staphylococcus aureus, in: Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens (M. P. Doyle, ed.). Dekker, New York, pp. 463–523.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Surgalla, M. J., and Dack, G. M., 1955, Enterotoxin produced by micrococci from cases of enteritis after antibiotic therapy, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 158:649–650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rogolsky, M., 1979, Nonenteric toxins of Staphylococcus aureus, Microbiol. Rev. 43:320–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bergdoll, M. S., Crass, B. A., Reiser, R. F., Robbins, R. N., and Davis, J. P., 1981, A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates, Lancet 1:1017–1021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Schlievert, P. M., Shands, K. N., Dan, B. B., Schmid, G. P., and Niahirnura, R. D., 1981, Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 143:509–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dennison, G. A., 1936, Epidemiology and symptomatology of staphylococcus food poisoning, Am.]. Public Health 26:1168–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Evenson, M. L., Hinds, M. W., Bernstein, R. S., and Bergdoll, M. S., 1987, Estimation of human dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin A from a large outbreak of food poisoning involving chocolate milk, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 7:311–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. do Carmo, L. S., and Bergdoll, M. S., 1990, Staphylococcal food poisoning in Belo Horizonte (Brazil), Rev. Microbiol. Sao Paulo 21:320–323.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Centers for Disease Control, 1980, Follow-up on toxic-shock syndrome, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 29:441–445.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Crass, B. A., and Bergdoll, M. S., 1986, Involvement of staphylococcal enterotoxins in nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:1138–1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schlievert, P. M., 1986, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 are significantly associated with nonmenstrual TSS, Lancet 1:1149–1150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Prohaska, J. V., Jacobson, M. J., Drake, C. T., and Tan, T.-L., 1959, Staphylococcal enterotoxin enteritis, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 108:73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Prohaska, J. V., 1963, Role of staphylococcal enterotoxin in the induction of experimental ileitis, Ann. Surg. 158:492–497.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zak, C., Jeljaszewicz, J., and Stochmal, I., 1973, Serological types of enterotoxins produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from feces, in: Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections (J. Jeljaszewicz and W. Hryniewicz, eds.), Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw pp. 526–528.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Osvath-Marton, A., Ban, E., and Molnar, L., 1976, Occurrence of enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains in enterocolitis in children, in: Staphylococci and Staphylococcus Diseases (J. Jeljaszewicz, ed.), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 589–592.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Crass, B. A., and Bergdoll, M. S., 1986, Toxin involvement in toxic shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 153:918–926.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shands, K. N., Schmidt, G. P., Dan, B. B., Blum, D., Guidotti, R.J., Hargrett, N. T., Anderson, R. L., Hill, D. L., Broome, C. V., Band, J. D., and Fraser, D. W., 1980, Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: Association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases, N. Engl. J. Med. 303:1436–1442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Todd, J., Fishaut, M., Kapral, F., and Welch, T., 1978, Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group I staphylococci, Lancet 2:1116–1118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chesney, P.J., 1991, Clinical spectrum and therapy, in: Toxic Shock Syndrome (M. S. Bergdoll and P. J. Chesney, eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bergdoll, M. S., 1990, Toxic shock syndrome from surgical infections, in: Pathogenesis of Wound and Biomaterial-Associated Infections (T. Wadstrom, I. Eliasson, I. Holder, and A. Ljungh, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 121–128.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Kreiswirth, B. N., Kravitz, G. R., and Novick, R. P., 1986, Nosocomial transmission of toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 105:704–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Quimby, F., and Nguyen, H. T., 1985, Animal studies of toxic shock syndrome, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 12(1):1–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Winternitz, R., 1898, Ein beitrag zur kenntnis der dermatitis exfoliative neonatorum (Ritter), Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 44:397–416.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Langford, M. P., Stanton, G.J., and Johnson H. M., 1978, Biological effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on human peripheral lymphocytes, Infect. Immun. 22:62–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Poindexter, N.J., and Schlievert, P. M., 1985, Toxic-shock-syndrome toxin 1-induced proliferation of lymphocytes: Comparison of the mitogenic response of human, murine, and rabbit lymphocytes, J. Infect. Dis. 151:65–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. White, J., Herman, A., Pullen, A. M., Kubo, R., Kappler, J. W., and Marrack, P., 1989, The Vβ-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice, Cell 56:27–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Marrack, P., and Kappler, J., 1990, The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives, Science 248:705–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Reinherz, E. L., Morimoto, C., Penta, A. C., and Schlossman, S. F., 1981, Subpopulations of the T4+ inducer T cell subset in man: Evidence for an amplifier population preferentially expressing la antigen upon activation, J. Immunol. 126:67–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Galvano, S. E., Quimby, F. W., Antonacci, A. C., Reiser, R. F., Bergdoll, M. S., and Dineen, P., 1984, Analysis of the mitogenic effects of toxic shock toxin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 33:99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Poindexter, N.J., and Schlievert, P. M., 1986, Suppression of immunoglobulin-secreting cells from human peripheral blood by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, J. Infect. Dis. 153:772–779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Taub, D. D., Lin, Y.-S., and Rogers, T. J., 1990, Characterization and genetic restriction of suppressor effector cells induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B, J. Immunol. 144:456–462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Parsonnet, J., Hickman, R. K., Eardley, D. D., and Pier, G. B., 1985, Induction of human interleukin-1 by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, J. Infect. Dis. 151:514–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ikejima, T., Dinarello, C. A., Gill, D. M., and Wolff, S. M., 1984, Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 73:1312–1320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Micusan, V. V., Mercier, G., Bhatti, A. R., Reiser, R. F., Bergdoll, M. S., and Oth, D., 1986, Production of human and murine interleukin-2 by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, Immunology 58:203–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Uchiyama, T., Kamagata, Y., Wakai, M., Yoshioka, M., Fujikawa, H., and Igarashi, H., 1986, Study of the biological activities of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1.I. Proliferative response and interleukin 2 production by T cells stimulated with the toxin, Microbiol. Immunol. 30:469–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jupin, C., Anderson, S., Damais, C., Alouf, J. E., and Parant, M., 1988, Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 as an inducer of human necrosis factors and interferon, J. Exp. Med. 167:752–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Anderson, S., Jupin, C., de Azavedo, J., Damais, C., Parant, M., and Alouf, J. E., 1989, TSST-1 induces production of tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes and of interferon-gamma, interleukin 2, and lymphotoxin by lymphocytes (Abstract), Rev. Infect. Dis. 11(Suppl. 1):S331–S332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dinarello, C. A., 1984, Interleukin-1, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:51–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ikejima, T., Dinarello, C. A., Gill, D. M., and Wolff, S. M., 1984, Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 73:1312–1320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Parsonnet, J., Gillis, Z. A., and Pier, G. B., 1986, Induction of interleukin-1 by strains of Staphylococcus aureus from patients with nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 154:55–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dinarello, C. A., Cannon, J. G., Wolff, S. M., Bernheim, H. A., Beutler, B., Cerami, A., Figari, I. S., Palladino, M. A., Jr., and O’Connor, J. V., 1986, Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1, J. Exp. Med. 163:1433–1450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fast, D. J., Schlievert, P. M., and Nelson, R. D., 1988, Nonpurulent response to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus, J. Immunol. 140:949–953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ikejima, T., Okusawa, S., Van Der Meer, J. W. M., and Dinarello, C. A., 1988, Induction by toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 of a circulating tumor necrosis factor-like substance in rabbits and of immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 from human mononuclear cells, J. Infect. Dis. 158:1017–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bergdoll, M.S. (1996). The Staphylococcal Toxins in Human Disease. In: Paradise, L.J., Bendinelli, M., Friedman, H. (eds) Enteric Infections and Immunity. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0313-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0313-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0315-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0313-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics