Abstract
The term apoptosis refers to the morphological process of programmed cell death, a physiological event that occurs at specific stages of normal embryonic development as well as in adult life.1 During programmed cell death, cells undergo profound structural changes. The plasma membrane becomes ruffled or ‘blebbed’. The nucleus shrinks, but the morphology of other cytoplasmic organelles remains relatively unchanged. Within the nucleus, the chromatin condenses, and tends to collapse into patches around the nuclear envelope. Condensation of the chromatin is often accompanied by fragmentation of the DNA, caused by internucleosomal cleavage, resulting in the characteristic ‘ladder’ pattern of bands seen upon electrophoretic separation. The cell may finally break up into apoptotic bodies, which are rapidly phagocytosed.2–4
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Chalupny, N.J., Zhu, L., Yu, Xz., Anasetti, C. (1996). Cell Cycle Control of T Cell Apoptosis Induced by Activation Through the T Cell Antigen Receptor. In: Gupta, S., Cohen, J.J. (eds) Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation VI. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 406. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0274-0_6
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