Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estimation of Premorbid Intelligence: A Review of Recent Developments

  • Chapter
Book cover Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Abstract

Whether for clinical, medico-legal or research purposes, the detection and quantification of intellectual impairment in the individual case is problematic. As there are substantial individual differences in intellectual ability in the general population, simply comparing a client’s IQ test performance with the relevant test norms will be of little value. It is therefore necessary to compare current performance against an individualised comparison standard (Lezak, 1983). This standard is easily determined if test results are available from a period preceding the point at which neurological disorder or behavioural change raised the suspicion of impairment. However, such information is rarely available. It is therefore necessary to estimate an individual’s ‘expected’ or ‘premorbid’ level of performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acker, C., Jacobson, R.R. und Lishman, W.A. (1987). Memory and ventricular size in alcoholics. Psychological Medicine, 17 343–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aylward, E., Walker, E., und Bettes, B. (1984). Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10 430–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barona, A., Reynolds, C.R. und Chastain, R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52 885–887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barona, A. and Chastain, R.L. (1986). An improved estimate of premorbid IQ for blacks and whites on the WAIS-R. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8 169–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayles, K.A. und Tomoeda, C.K. (1983). Confrontation naming impairment in dementia. Brain and Language, 19 98–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binks, M.G. und Davies, A.D.M. (1984). The early detection of dementia: a baseline from healthy community dwelling old people. in: D.B. Bromley (ed.). Gerontology: Social and Behavioural Perspectives. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolter, J., Gouvier, W., Veneklasen, J. und Long, C.J. (1982). Using demographic information to predict premorbid IQ: a test of clinical validity with head trauma patients. Clinical Neuropsychology, 4 171174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brayne, C. und Bearsdell, L. Estimation of verbal intelligence in an elderly community: an epidemiological study using NART. Submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Allan, K.M., Besson, J.A.O., Cochrane, R.H.B. und Stewart, L.E. A comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R in matched UK samples. Submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Allan, K.M., Stephen, D.W., Parker, D.M. und Besson, J.A.O. (1989a). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised (WAIS-R): factor structure in a UK sample. Personality and Individual Differences in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Besson, J.A.O. und Parker, D.M. (1988). Estimation of pre-morbid intelligence in organic conditions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153 178–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Besson, J.A.O., Parker, D.M., Sutherland, K.M. und Keen, P.L. (1987a). Estimation of premorbid intellectual status in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26 313–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Parker, D.M., Stewart, L.E., Besson, J.A.O. und De Lacey, G. (1989b). Prediction of WAIS IQ with the National Adult Reading Test: cross-validation and extension. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28 in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L., Calder, S., Ebmeier, K., Mutch, W., Besson, J. (1988a). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. 9th International Symposium on Parkinson’s Disease. Israel, Book of Abstracts, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L.E., Cochrane, R.H.B., Foulds, J. und Besson, J.A.O. (1987b). Predicting premorbid IQ from demographic variables: provisional results in a UK sample. British Journal of Clinical and Social Psychiatry, 5 122–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L.E., Cochrane, R.H.B., Foulds, J.A., Besson, J.A.O. und Parker, D.M. (1989c). Predicting premorbid IQ from demographic variables: regression equations derived from a UK sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L.E., Cochrane, R.H.B., Parker, D.M. und Besson, J.A.O. (1989d). Construct validity of the National Adult Reading Test: a factor analytic study. Personality and Individual Differences in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L.E., Garthwaite, P.H., Parker, D.M. und Besson, J.A.O. (1988b). The relationship between demographic variables and NART performance in normal subjects. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J.R., Stewart, L.E., Parker, D.M., Besson, J.A.O. und Cochrane, R.H.B. (1989e). Estimation of premorbid intelligence: combining psychometric and demographic approaches improves predictive accuracy. Personality and Individual Differences in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eppinger, M.G., Craig, P.L., Adams, R.L. und Parsons, O.A. (1987). The WAIS-R index for estimating premorbid intelligence: cross-validation and clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55, 86–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J.R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95 29–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J.R. 1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101 171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M.F., Fo1stein, S.E. und McHugh, P.R. (1975). ‘Mini-mental state’: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, F.C., Gary, H.E. und Levin, H.S. (1986). Assessment of the accuracy of regression equations proposed for estimating premorbid intellectual functioning on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8 405–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouvier, W.D., Bolter, J.F., Veneklasen, J.A. und Long, C.J. (1983). Predicting verbal and performance IQ from demographic data: further findings with head trauma patients. Clinical Neuropsychology, 5 119–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, W.C. (1947). Brain and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of the Frontal Lobes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamsher, K. deS. und Roberts, R.(1985). Memory for recent US Presidents in patients with cerebral disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S., Smith, C.M. und Swash, M. (1986). Assessing intellectual deterioration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, W.D., und Raskin, N.H. (1986). Neuropsychologic alterations in classic and common migraine. Archives of Neurology, 43 709–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karzmak, P. Heaton, R.K., Grant, I. und Matthews, C.G. (1985). Use of demographic variables to predict full scale IQ: a replication and extension. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7 412–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R.C. (1982). Establishing premorbid levels of intellectual functioning in children: an empirical investigation. Clinical Neuropsychology, 4 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R.C. (1982). Confusing clinical and statistical significance? A reply to Reynolds and Gutkin. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50 772–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R.C., Fisher, L., Vasey, M. und Pheley, A. (1985). Predicting adult premorbid functioning levels: another look. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R.C., Sanchez, V.C. und Stanton, A.L. (1981). Cross validation of an adult premorbid functioning index. Clinical Neuropsychology, 3 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleges, R.C., Wilkening, G.N., und Golden, C.J. (1981). Premorbid indices of intelligence: a review. Clinical Neuropsychology, 3 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopelman, M.D. (1985). Multiple memory deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia: implications for pharmacotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 15 527–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopelman, M.D. (1986). Clinical tests of memory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148 517–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lea, M. (1986). A British Supplement to the Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leckliter, I.N., Matarazzo, J.D. und Silverstein, A.B. (1986). A literature review of factor analytic stdies of the WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42 332–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H.S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R.M., Eisenberg, H.M., Marshall, L.E., Tabaddor, K., High, W.M. und Frankowski, R.F. (1987). Neurobehavioural outcome following minor head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 66 234–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M.D. (1983). Neuropsychological Assessment (2nd Edit.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matarazzo, J.D. (1972). Weschler’s Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (5th Edit.). Baltimore: Williams und Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, R., Gresty, M. und Findlay, L.J. (1985). Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Lancet, i 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, P. und Pratt, R.T.C. (1983). The effect of unilateral non-dominant ECT on memory and perceptual functions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142 276–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebes, R.D., Martin, D.C. und Horn, L.C. (1984). Sparing of semantic memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93 321–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H.E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test Manual. Windsor: NFER Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H.E. und McKenna, P. (1975). The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14 259–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H.E. und O’Connell, A. (1978). Dementia: the estimation of pre-morbid intelligence levels using the new adult reading test. Cortex 14, 234–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Carroll, R.E. (1987). The inter-rater reliability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART): a pilot study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26 229–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Carroll, R.E., Baikie, E.M. und Whittick, J.E. (1987). Does the National Adult Reading Test hold in dementia? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26 315–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Carroll, R.E. und Gilleard, C.J. (1986). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in dementia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25 157–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyebode, J.R., Barker, W.A., Blessed, G., Dick, D.J. und Britton, P.G. (1986). Cognitive functioning in Parkinson’s disease: in relation to prevalence of dementia and psychiatric diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149 720–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedhazur, E.J. (1982). Multiple Regression in Behavioural Research, Explanation and Prediction (2nd Edit.). New York: Holt, Rinehart und Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.C. (1982). Revised Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scale. Windsor: NFER Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C.R. und Gutkin, T.B. (1979). Predicting the premorbid intellectual status of children using demographic data. Clinical Neuropsychology, 1 36–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C.R. und Gutkin, T.B. (1982). Clinical samples of children with below average IQs are not ‘unimpaired’: Comment on Klesges and Sanchez. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50 576–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddle, H.B. und Bradshaw, C.M. (1982). On the estimation of premorbid intellectual functioning: a validation of Nelson und McKenna’s formula and some new normative data. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 21, 159–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E.W. (1972). WAIS factor analysis with brain-damaged subjects using criterion variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39 133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonell, F. (1942). Backwardness in the Basic Subjects. London: Oliver und Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, G.T., Wilson, R.S., Gilley, D.W., Bernard, B.A. und Fox, J.H. (1988). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10 63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swiercinsky, D.P. und Warnock, J.K. (1977). Comparison of the neuropsychological key and discriminant. analysis approaches in predicting cerebral damage and localisation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45 808–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, P.A. (1983). Speed of information processing and general intelligence. Intelligence, 7 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, A.T. und Heaton, R.K. (1977). Comparison of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale indices of cerebral dysfunction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45 607–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1958). The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (4th Edit.). Baltimore: Williams und Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1974). Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingartner, H. (1983). Forms of memory failure. Science, 221 380–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.M., Gomes, F., Drudge, O.W. und Kessler, M. (1984). Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma sev-erity. Journal of Neurosurgery, 61 581–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.S. und Rosenbaum, G. (1979). The problem of premorbid intelligence in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Clinical Neuro-psychology, 1 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.S., Rosenbaum, G., Brown, G., Rourke, D., Whitman, D. und Grisell, J. (1978). An index of premorbid intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46 1554–1555.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. John R. Crawford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. King’s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

    John R. Crawford  & Denis M. Parker  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crawford, J.R. (1989). Estimation of Premorbid Intelligence: A Review of Recent Developments. In: Crawford, J.R., Parker, D.M. (eds) Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9998-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9996-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation