Skip to main content

Help-Seeking as a Coping Mechanism

  • Chapter
Coping with Negative Life Events

Part of the book series: The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping ((SSSO))

Abstract

This chapter discusses how individuals can cope with negative life events through seeking help from other persons. When presented with adverse or demanding events, people can respond by seeking help from a husband or wife, from family members or relatives, or from members of larger community networks. Individuals may obtain help primarily within the context of informal social support; they may seek help from formal agencies or professional helpers; or they may combine formal and informal sources of help. In this chapter I discuss the variety of supportive resources that are potentially available to distressed persons, suggest some propositions about factors that influence help-seeking behavior, and delineate some functional mechanisms through which help-seeking may be related to adjustment and well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramowitz, S. I., Berger, A., & Weary, G. (1982). Similarity between clinician and client: Its influence on the helping relationship. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 357–379). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batson, C. D., O’Quin, K., & Pych, V. (1982). Attribution-theory analysis of helpers’ inferences about clients’ needs. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 59–80). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks and mortality: A nine-year follow-up of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109, 186–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, J. S., & Norton, N. C. (1985). Does professional training make a therapist more effective?. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 401–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler, L. E. (1981). Convergence in counseling and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 1, 79–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 139–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. G. (1982). Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115, 684–694.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosmajian, C. P., & Mattson, R. E. (1980). A controlled study of variables related to counseling center use. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 510–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, J. P., Davison, G. C., Dewald, P. A., Egan, G., Fadiman, J., Frank, J. D., Gill, M., Hoffman, I., Kempler, W., Lazarus, A. A., Raimy, V., Rotter, J. B., & Strupp, H. H. (1980). Some views on effective principles in psychotherapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 269–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B. H., James, S. A., Wagner, E. H., Shoenbach, V.J., Grimson, R., Heyden, S., Tibblin, G., & Gehlbach, S. (1983). The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117, 521–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broll, L., Gross, A. E., & Piliavin, I. (1974). Effects of offered and requested help on help-seeking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 244–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. S. (1983). Some implications of close social bonds for help-seeking. In B. M. DePaulo, A. Nadler, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2): Help-seeking (pp. 205–229). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. S. (1984). Record keeping in two types of relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 549–557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, K. C., & Magoon, T. M. (1974). Perceived hierarchy of help-giving sources for two categories of student problems. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300–314.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, D. L., Baum, A., & Singer, J. E. (1983). Coping with chronic stress at Three Mile Island. Health Psychology, 2, 149–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, J. D. (1978). Salient attributes of two types of helpers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 588–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, D. G., Sheehan, P. W., & Khan, J. A. (1980). Alternative advice and counsel in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 615–625.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DePaulo, B. M. (1978). Help-seeking from the recipient’s point of view. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8, 62. (MS No. 1721)

    Google Scholar 

  • DePaulo, B. M. (1982). Social-psychological processes in informal help-seeking. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 255–279). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePaulo, B. M., & Fisher, J. D. (1980). The costs of asking for help. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1985). Processes and stages in self-change of smoking behavior. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 319–343). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds.). (1981). Stressful life events and their contexts. New York: Prodist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B. P., Shrout, P. E., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. S. (1980). Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1229–1236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, D., & Catalano, R. (1984). Why the economy predicts help-seeking: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 160–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A. (1979). Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 80–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckenrode, J. (1984). Impact of chronic and acute Stressors on daily mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 907–918.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R., Stiles, W. B., Shiffman, S., Barker, C. B., Burstein, B., & Goodman, G. The empirical analysis of help-intended communications. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 333–356). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E. H., Winer, D., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1983). Seeking professional help for psychological problems. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 3, pp. 163–185). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. D., & Nadler, A. (1982). Determinants of recipient reactions to aid. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 131–153). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus; R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D. (1978). Therapeutic relationship in behavior therapy: An empirical analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1302–1314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J. D. (1974). Persuasion and healing (rev. ed.). New York: Schocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J. D. (1982). Therapeutic components shared by all psychotherapies. In J. H. Harvey & M. M. Parks (Eds.), Psychotherapy research and behavior change (pp. 9–37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (Eds.). (1980). Human helplessness: Theory and applications. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, S. (1974). What are the therapeutic variables in psychotherapy?. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 24, 372–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, S. L., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.). (1978). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, F. X. (1986). Social comparison and depression: Company’s effect on misery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 140–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glidewell, J. C., Tucker, S., Todt, M., & Cox, S. (1983). Professional support systems: The teaching profession. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 3, pp. 189–212). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R. (Ed.). (1982). Converging themes in psychotherapy. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. H., Sewell, D. R., & Jampol, R. C. (1984). Contributions of life stress and social supports to the decision to seek psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 306–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourash, N. (1978). Help-seeking: A review of the literature. American Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 413–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 3–26). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M. S., & Shapiro, S. P. (1971). Indebtedness: An adverse aspect of asking for and receiving help. Sociometry, 34, 290–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M. S., Ruback, R. B., & Westcott, D. R. (1983). Seeking help from the police: The victim’s perspective. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 3, pp. 71–103). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenley, J. R., & Mechanic, D. (1976). Social selection in seeking help for psychological problems. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 17, 249–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, A. E., & McMullen, P. A. (1983). Models of the help-seeking process. In B. M. DePaulo, A. Nadler, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2): Help-seeking (pp. 45–70). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, A. E., Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., Stiglitz, E., & Craig, C. (1979). Correlates of help-utilization at a women’s counseling service. Journal of Community Psychology, 7, 42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurman, A. S., & Razin, A. M. (Eds.). (1977). Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A., & Wellman, B. (1985). Social networks and social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health. (pp. 23–41). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S., Byrne, D. G., Duncan-Jones, P., Scott, R., & Adcock, S. (1980). Social relationships, adversity, and neurosis: A study of associations in a general-population sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 574–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., Robbins, C., & Metzner, H. I. (1979). The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116, 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1979). Nonspecific treatment factors in psychotherapy outcome research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 846–851.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Brown, R. L., & Bowman, C. L. (1981). Sex differences in psychiatric help-seeking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 49–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirscht, J. P. (1983). Preventive health behavior: A review of research and issues. Health Psychology, 2, 277–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, M. J. (1976). Sponteneous remission in adult neurotic disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 107–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, M. J., DeJulio, S. S., & Stein, D. M. (1978). Therapist interpersonal skills: Process, outcome, and methodological considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 467–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemkau, J. P., Bryant, F. B., & Brickman, P. (1982). Client commitment to the helping relationship. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 187–207). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H., Teri, L., & Hautzinger, M. (1985). An integrative theory of depression. In S. Reiss & R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (331–359). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, B., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1980). Formulation of hypotheses about the ratio of untreated to treated cases in true prevalence studies of functional psychiatric disorders. In B. P. Dohrenwend, B. S. Dohrenwend, M. J. Gould, B. Link, R. Neugebauer, & R. Wunsch-Hitzig, Mental illness in the United States: Epidemiological estimates (pp. 133–149). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky, L., Singer, B., & Luborsky, L. (1975). Comparative studies of psychotherapies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 995–1008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. G., Jr., Wells, K. B., Duan, H., Newhouse, J. P., & Ware, J. E., Jr. (1984). Cost sharing and the use of ambulatory mental health services. American Psychologist, 39, 1077–1089.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R. (1984). Situational determinants of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 919–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, J. B. (1972). Some approaches and problems in the use of services. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 13, 115–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, J. B. (1973). Social networks, lay consultation, and help-seeking behavior. Social Forces, 51, 275–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1978). Effects of psychological distress on use of medical and psychiatric facilities. Journal of Human Stress, 4, 26–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. C., & Berman, J. S. (1983). The efficacy of cognitive behavior therapies: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 39–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R. H., & Billings, A. G. (1982). Conceptualizing and measuring coping resources and processes. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress (pp. 212–230). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, S. C., & Rosen, S. (1973). Effects of felt adequacy and opportunity to reciprocate on help-seeking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, A., & Porat, I. (1978). Effects of anonymity and locus of need attribution on help-seeking behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 624–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, R., Dohrenwend, B. P., & Dohrenwend, B. S. (1980). Formulation of hypotheses about the true prevalence of functional psychiatric disorders among adults. In B. P. Dohrenwend, B. S. Dohrenwend, M. S. Gould, B. Link, R. Neugebauer, & R. Wunsch-Hitzig, Mental illness in the United States: Epidemiological estimates (pp. 45–94). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1986). The psychological distress and self-change of psychologists, counselors, and laypersons. Psychotherapy, 23, 102–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (in press). The self-initiated and therapy-facilitated change of psychological distress. Psychotherapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrove, N., & Baum, A. (1983). Factors influencing medical help-seeking. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 3, pp. 107–129). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrow, E., Dark, V. J., & Poulton, J. (1982). Predicting health and help-seeking in high-and low-adjustment samples. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paykel, E. S., Emms, E. M., Fletcher, J., & Rassaby, E. S. (1980). Life events and social support in puerperal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 339–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I. (1985). Social structure and processes of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 43–60). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelton, L. H. (1982). Workers’ attributions and client perspectives m child welfare cases. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 81–101). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1985). Common processes of self-change in smoking, weight control, and psychological distress. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 345–363). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1983). Perceived inadequacy and help-seeking. In B. M. DePaulo, A. Nadler, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2): Help-seeking (pp. 73–105). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, G. S. (1982). Social comparison and perceptions of health and illness. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.), Social psychology of health and illness (pp. 129–157). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, C., Coyne, J. C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). The health-related functions of social support. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 381–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schurman, R. A., Kramer, P. D., & Mitchell, J. B. (1985). Treatment of mental illness by nonpsychiatrist physicians. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 89–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, E. G. (1980). Is seeking help from a friend like seeking help from a stranger?. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 259–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., & Morris, L. A. (1978). Placebo effects in medical and psychological therapies. In S. I Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 581–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., & Ingram, R. E. (1983). The impact of consensus information on help seeking for psychological problems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1118–1126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Ingram, R. E., & Newburg, C. L. (1982). The role of feedback in help seeking and the therapeutic relationship. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 287–305). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A. A., & Neale, J. M. (1984). New measure of daily coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 892–906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strohmer, D. C., Biggs, D. A., & McIntyre, W. F. (1984). Social comparison information and judgments about seeking counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 591–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesser, A., & Campbell, J. (1983). Self-definition and self-evaluation maintenance. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, pp. 1–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessler, R., Mechanic, D., & Dimond, M. (1976). The effect of psychological distress on physician utilization: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 17, 353–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. (1972). Help-seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 318–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, H. E. A., de St. Aubin, T. M., & Brown, M. T. (1982). College students’ help-seeking preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 523–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, H. E. A., Brown, M. T., de St. Aubin, T. M., & Lucek, J. (1984). Expectancies for a helping relationship and tendency to seek help from a campus help provider. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolsdorf, C. (1976). Social networks, social support, and coping. Family Process, 15, 407–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veroff, J. B., Kulka, R. A., & Douvan, E. (1981). Mental health in America: Patterns of help-seeking from 1957 to 1976. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, B. L. (1981). Social support, life stress, and psychological adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 371–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, B. L., & Birkel, R. C. (1983). Social networks and the help-seeking process: A structural perspective. In B. M. DePaulo, J. D. Fisher, & A. Nadler (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2): Help-seeking (pp. 235–253). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (Eds.). (1984). Psychotherapy research: Where are we, and where should we go? New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1982a). Directions for research on helping relationships. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 479–496). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1982b). Nonspecific factors in helping relationships. In T. A. Wills (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships (pp. 381–404). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1983). Social comparison in coping and help-seeking. In B. M. DePaulo, J. D. Fisher, & A. Nadler (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2): Help-seeking (pp. 109–141). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1985). Supportive functions of interpersonal relationships. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 61–82). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., & Langner, T. S. (1980). Socioeconomic status and stress. In I. L. Kutash & L. B. Schlesinger (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety (pp. 159–173). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., & Shiffman, S. (1985). Coping and substance use: A conceptual framework. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 3–24). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. V., Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R. R. (1985). Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1169–1183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wills, T.A. (1987). Help-Seeking as a Coping Mechanism. In: Snyder, C.R., Ford, C.E. (eds) Coping with Negative Life Events. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9865-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9865-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9867-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9865-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics