Abstract
At least since Merton’s (1938, 1957) analysis of the relationship between class structure and deviance rates, considerable attention has been given by social scientists to the ways in which structured inequalities generate both the behavioral and the definitional realities of deviance. The advent, or revival, of labeling theory (see Schur, 1971; Gove, 1975) has marked and contributed to greater sensitivity among researchers to the distinctions between observed and reported or imputed acts, between exploratory and career behavior, between behavioral and non-behavioral criteria of deviance, and between reactive and proactive modes of social control. Against the focus of anomie theory upon behavioral realities, definitional realities have been emphasized in labeling theory—at the cost of nearly losing the sense of class structure (i.e., of the association between structured variations in life chances and in behavior patterns) which is central to anomie theory.
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Turk, A.T. (1995). Class, Conflict, and Criminalization. In: McCord, J., Laub, J.H. (eds) Contemporary Masters in Criminology. The Plenum Series in Crime and Justice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9829-6_2
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