Abstract
Although the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of cervical dystonia has been demonstrated1–3, significant number of patients fail to respond to this therapy. These “non-responders” show little clinical improvement from the beginning (primary failure), or become resistant to the therapy after repeated injections (secondary failure)3. The latter is ascribed to development of antibodies against the toxin, while factors underlying the primary failure are yet to be determined.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Jankovic J, Schwartz K.Botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia. Neurology 1990; 41: 277–80.
Gelb DJ, Yoshimura DM, Olney RK Lowenstein DH, Aminoff MJ. Change in pattern of muscle activity following botulinum toxin injections for torticollis. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 370–6.
Green P, Kang U, Fahn S, Brin M, Moskowitz C, Flaster E. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1990; 40: 1213–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaji, R., Mezaki, T., Kohara, N., Nagamine, T., Shimizu, T., Kimura, J. (1993). Improved Outcome after Repeated Injections of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasmodic Torticollis and Axial Dystonia: Experience with Japanese Botulinum Toxin A. In: DasGupta, B.R. (eds) Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_63
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_63
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9544-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9542-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive