Abstract
Theoretical morphology, which was first developed by Raup and Michelson (1965). is a means of describing the morphological spectra of extant and fossil organisms using a mathematical growth model. Raup (1966, 1967) simulated the three-dimensional morphology and growth pattern of marginally growing molluscan shells by several simple parameters and reproduced these shell shapes with the aid of computer graphics. His approach can be applied not only to interpret the functional and adaptive constraints of morphology but also to analyze morphogenesis. With the recent development of the computer and its graphic techniques, the theoretical morphological approach becomes useful for understanding the morphology of extant and extinct animals including ammonoids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerly, S. C., 1987, Using “local” coordinates to analyze shell form in molluscs (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Progs. 19: 566.
Ackerly, S. C., 1989, Kinematics of accretionary shell growth, with examples from brachiopods and molluscs, Paleobiology 15: 147–164.
Bayer, U., 1978, Morphologic programs, instabilities, and evolution: A theoretical study, N. lb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 156: 226–261.
Burnaby, T. P., 1966, Allometric growth of ammonoid shells: A generalization of the logarithmic spiral, Nature 209: 904–906.
Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., 1976, Flow patterns and drag coefficients of cephalopod shells, Palaeontology (Lond.) 19: 539–563.
Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., 1981, Hydromechanical design of fossil cephalopods, in: The Ammonoidea, Systematics Association Special Volume 18 ( M. R. House and J. R. Senior, eds.), Academic Press, London, pp. 289–336.
Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., and Westermann, G. E. G., 1976, Hydrodynamic properties of cephalopod shells, Paleobiology 2: 316–331.
Checa, A., 1991, Sectorial expansion and shell morphogenesis in molluscs, Lethaia 24: 97–114.
Denton, E. F., and Gilpin-Brown, J. B., 1966, On the buoyancy of the pearly Nautilus, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 46: 723–759.
Diener, C., 1912, Lebensweise and Verbreitung der Ammoniten, N. Jb. Mineral. Geol. Paläontol. 2: 67–89.
Ebel, K., 1983, Berechnungen zur Schwebefähigkeit von Ammoniten, N. Jb. Geol. Paläontol. Mon a tsh. 1983: 614–640.
Ebel, K., 1985, Gehäusespirale and Septenform bei Ammoniten unter der Annahme vagil benthischer Lebensweise, Paläontol. Z. 59: 109–123.
Ebel, K., 1990, Swimming abilities in ammonites and limitations, Paläontol. Z. 64: 25–37.
Ebel, K., 1992, Mode of life and soft body shape of heteromorph ammonites, Lethaia 25: 179–193.
Heptonstall, W. B., 1970, Buoyancy control in ammonoids, Lethaia 3: 317–328.
Illert, C., 1987, Formulation and solution of the classical problem. I. Shell geometry, Nuovo Cimento 9: 791–813.
Illert, C., 1989, Formulation and solution of the classical problem. II. Tubular three-dimensional seashell surfaces, Nuovo Cimento 11: 761–780.
Jacobs, D. K., 1992, Shape. drag, and power in ammonoid swimming, Paleobiology 18: 203–220.
Matsumoto, T., 1977, Some heteromorph ammonites from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. Ser. D, Geol. 23: 303–366.
McGhee, G. R., 1978, Analysis of the shell torsion phenomenon in the Bivalvia, Lethaia 11: 315–329.
McGhee, G. R., 1980, Shell form in the biconvex articulate Brachiopoda: A geometric analysis, Paleobiology 6: 57–76.
Merkt, J., 1966, Über Austern and Serperin als Epöken auf Ammonitengehäusen, N. Jb. Geol. Paldontol. Abh. 125: 467–479.
Moore, R. C., Lalicker, O., and Fischer, A., 1952, Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Moseley, H., 1838, On the geometrical forms of turbinated and discoid shells, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1838: 351–370.
Okamoto, T., 1984, Theoretical morphology of Nipponites (a heteromorph ammonoid), Fossils (Kaseki), Palaeontol. Soc. Jpn. 36: 37–51
Okamoto, T., 1986, Analysis of morphology in heteromorph ammonites, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Palaeontol. Soc. Jpn. 1986: 34
Okamoto, T., 1988a, Analysis of heteromorph ammonoids by differential geometry, Palaeontology (Lond.) 31: 35–52.
Okamoto, T., 1988b, Changes in life orientation during the ontogeny of some heteromorph ammonoids, Palaeontology (Lond.) 31: 281–294.
Okamoto, T., 1988c, Developmental regulation and morphological saltation in the heteromorph ammonite Nipponites, Paleobiology 14: 272–286.
Okamoto, T., 1989, Comparative morphology of Nipponites and Eubostrychoceras (Cretaceous nostoceratids), Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Jpn N.S. 265: 117–139.
Raup, D. M., 1966, Geometric analysis of shell coiling: General problems, J. Paleontol. 40: 1178–1190.
Raup, D. M., 1967, Geometric analysis of shell coiling: coiling in ammonoids, J. Paleontol. 41: 43–65.
Raup, D. M., and Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., 1967, Equation for volume and center of gravity in ammonoid shells, J. Paleontol. 41: 566–574.
Raup, D. M., and Michelson, A., 1965, Theoretical morphology of the coiled shell, Science 147: 1294–1295.
Rex, M. A., and Boss. K. J., 1976, Open coiling in recent gastropods, Malacologia 15: 289–297.
Reyment, R. A., 1958, Some factors in the distribution of fossil cephalopods. Stockholm Contrib. Geol. 1: 97–184.
Saunders, W. B., and Shapiro, E. A., 1986, Calculation and simulation of ammonoid hydrostatics, Paleobiology 12: 64–79.
Saunders, W. B., and Swan, A. R. H., 1984, Morphology and morphologic diversity of mid-Carboniferous (Namurian) ammonoids in time and space, Paleobiology 10: 195–228.
Savazzi, E., 1985, SELLGEN a BASIC program for the modeling of molluscan shell ontogeny and morphogenesis, Comput. Geosci. 11: 521–530.
Savazzi. E., 1987. Geometric and functional constraints on bivalve shell morphology, Lethaia 23: 195–212.
Savazzi, E., 1990, Biological aspect of theoretical shell morphology, Lethaia 23: 195–212.
Swan, A. R. H., and Saunders, W. B., 1987, Function and shape in late Paleozoic (mid-Carboniferous) ammonoids, Paleobiology 13: 297–311.
Tanabe, K., 1975, Functional morphology of Otoscaphites puerculus (Jimbo), an Upper Cretaceous ammonite, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Jpn. N.S. 99: 109–132.
Tanabe, K., 1977, Functional evolution of Otoscaphites puerculus (Jimbo) and Scaphites plan us (Yabe), Upper Cretaceous ammonites, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. D. Geol. 23: 367–407.
Tanabe, K., Obata, I., and Futakami, M., 1981, Early shell morphology in some Upper Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites, Trans. Proc. Palaeontol. Soc. Jpn. N.S. 124: 215–234.
Tasch, P., 1973, Paleobiology of the Invertebrates, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Thompson, D. W., 1942, On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Trueman, A. E., 1941, The ammonite body-chamber, with special reference to the buoyancy and mode of life of the living ammonite, Q. J. Geol. Soc. (Land.) 96: 339–383.
Ward, P. D., and Westermann, G. E. G., 1977, First occurrence, systematics, and the functional morphology of Nipponites (Cretaceous Lytoceratina) from the Americas, J. Paleontol. 51: 367–372.
Yabe, H., 1904, Cretaceous Cephalopoda from the Hokkaido, Part 2, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20: 1–45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Okamoto, T. (1996). Theoretical Modeling of Ammonoid Morphology. In: Landman, N.H., Tanabe, K., Davis, R.A. (eds) Ammonoid Paleobiology. Topics in Geobiology, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9153-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9153-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9155-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9153-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive