Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Nutrition and Alcoholism

  • Chapter
Alcohol and the Brain

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to review nutritional abnormalities that may occur in alcoholics. A brief discussion of nutritional assessment techniques will provide the reader with a background into specific methods used to evaluate nutritional status and the possible shortcomings of these techniques. Evidence for protein/calorie malnutrition will be provided in individual sections concerning alcoholics either with or without liver disease. Next, specific nutritional deficiencies and their possible role in certain complications of alcoholism will be presented. Finally, the possible role of nutritional intervention in prevention of some of the complications of alcoholism will be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lieber CS: Medical Disorders of Alcoholism—Pathogenesis and Treatment, Vol XXII in the series Major Problems in Internal Medicine, Smith LH Jr (ed ), WB Saunders Co., 1982

    Google Scholar 

  2. Roe DA: Nutritional concerns in the alcoholic. J Am Diet Assoc 78: 17–21, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Eisenstein AB: Nutritional and metabolic effects of alcohol. Research 81: 247–251, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lieber CS: Alcohol, protein metabolism, and liver injury. Gastroenterology 79: 373–390, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Belfrage P, Berg B, Cronholm TD, et al: Prolonged administration of ethanol to young healthy volunteers: Effects on biochemical, morphological and neurophysiological parameters. Acta Med Scand 522 (Suppl): 5, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shizgal HM: Body composition by multiple isotope dilution, in Nutritional Assessment—Present Status, Future Directions and Prospects. Columbus, Ohio, Ross Laboratories, 1981, pp 94–98

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cohn SH, Sawitsky A, Vartsky D, et al: Body composition as measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis, in Nutritional Assessment—Present Status, Future Directions and Prospects. Columbus, Ohio, Ross Laboratories, 1981, pp 99–102

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hill GL: Use of neutron activation analysis to measure body composition in critically ill patients with nutritional and metabolic problems, in Nutritional Assessment—Present Status, Future Directions and Prospects. Columbus, Ohio, Ross Laboratories, 1981, pp 103–104

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ingenbleek Y, Van Den Schrieck H-G, De Nayer P, et al: Albumin, transferrin and the thyroxin-binding prealbuminlretinol-binding protein (TBPA-RBP) complex in assessment of malnutrition. Clin Chim Acta 63: 61–67, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shetty PS, Jung RT, Watrasiezicz KE, et al: Rapid-turnover transport proteins: An index of subclinical protein-energy malnutrition. Lancet 2: 230–232, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bates J, McClain CJ: The effect of severe zinc deficiency on serum levels of albumin, transferrin, and prealbumin in man. Am J Clin Nutr 24: 1655–1660, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  12. Golden MHN: Transport proteins as indices of protein status. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 1159–1165, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Weesner RE, et al: Protein–calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Alcoholic Hepatitis. Am J Med 76: 211–222, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chandra RK: Nutrition, immunity, and infection: Present knowledge and future directions. Lancet 1: 688–691, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cunningham-Rundles S: Effects of nutritional status on immunological function. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 1202–1210, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Law DK, Dudrick SJ, Abdou NI: Immunocompetence of patients with protein–calorie malnutrition. Ann Intern Med 79:545–550, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  17. Daly JM, Dudrick SJ, Copeland EM: Intravenous hyperalimentation: Effect on delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in cancer patients. Ann Surg 192: 587–592, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barrocas A, Giardina MA: Nutritional assessment in the community hospital. South Med J 73: 55–58, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Moore FD, Delayed scientific hypersensitivity. J Parenter Enter Nutr 6: 1–2, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Twomey P, Ziegler D, Rombeau J: Utility of skin testing in nutritional assessment: A critical review. J Parenter Enter Nutr 6: 50–58, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gray GE, Gray LK: Anthropometric measurements and their interpretation: Principles, practices and problems. J Am Diet Assoc 77: 534–539, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Murray RL: Discussion and critique of current methods in anthropometry, Part I. Nutr Support Sery 1: 31–36, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  23. Heymsfield SB, McManus C, Stevens V, et al: Muscle mass: Reliable indicator of protein—energy malnutrition severity and outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 1192–1199, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Forbes GB, Bruining GJ: Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass. Am J Clin Nutr 29: 1359–1366, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Viteri FE, Alvarado J: The creatinine height index: Its use in the estimation of the degree of protein depletion and repletion in protein calorie malnourished children. Pediatrics 46: 696–706, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Young VR, Munro HN: Nt-Methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) and muscle protein turnover: An overview. Fed Proc 37: 2291–2300, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ballard FJ, Tomas FM: 3-Methylhistidine as a measure of skeletal muscle protein breakdown in human subjects: The case for its continued use. Clin Sci 65: 209–215, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rennie MJ, Millward DJ: 3-Methylhistidine excretion and the urinary 3-methylhistidine/ creatinine ratio are poor indicators of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. Clin Sci 65: 217–225, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Marchesini G, Zoli M, Angiolini A, et al: Muscle protein breakdown in liver cirrhosis and the role of altered carbohydrate metabolism. Hepatology 4: 294–299, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  30. Neville JN, Eagles JA, Samson G, et al: Nutritional status of alcoholics. Am J Clin Nutr 21: 1329–1340, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tomaiolo PP, Kraus V: Nutritional status of hospitalized alcoholic patients. J Parenter Enter Nutr 4: 1–3, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hurt RD, Higgins JA, Nelson RA, et al: Nutritional status of a group of alcoholics before and after admission to an alcoholism treatment unit. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 386–392, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dickson BJ, Delaney CJ, Walker RD, et al: Visceral protein status of patients hospitalized for alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 37: 216–220, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Eagles JA, Longman D: Reliability of alcoholics reports of food intake. J Am Diet Assoc 42: 136–139, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  35. McClain CJ, Van Thiel DH, Parker S, et al: Alterations in zinc, vitamin A, and retinol-binding protein in chronic alcoholics: A possible mechanism for night blindness and hypogonadism. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 3: 135–141, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Simko V, Connell AM, Banks B: Nutritional status in alcoholics with and without liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 197–203, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Goldsmith RH, Iber FL, Miller PA: Nutritional status of alcoholics of different socioeconomic class. J Am Coll Nutr 2: 215–220, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bienia R, Ratcliff S, Barbour GL, et al: Malnutrition and hospital prognosis in the alcoholic patient. J Parenter Enter Nutr 6: 301–303, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Patek AJ Jr, Post J, Ratnoff OD, et al: Dietary treatment of cirrhosis of the liver: Results in one hundred and twenty-four patients observed during a ten year period. JAMA 138: 543–549, 1948

    Google Scholar 

  40. Leevy CM, Baker H, TenHove W, et al: B-complex vitamins in liver disease of the alcoholic. Am J Clin Nutr 16: 339–346, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Morgan AG, Kelleher J, Walker GE, et al: Nutrition in cryptogenic cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis. Gut 17: 113–118, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Siegel FL, Roach MK, Pomeroy LR: Plasma amino acid patterns in alcoholism: The effect of alcohol loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 51: 605–611, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. lob V, Coon MD, Sloan M: Free amino acids in liver, plasma, and muscle of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Surg Res 7: 41–43, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ning M, Lowenstein LM, Davidson D: Serum amino acid abnormalities in alcoholic hepatitis. J Lab Clin Med 70: 554–562, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Shaw S, Lieber CS: Plasma amino acid abnormalities in the alcoholic: Respective role of alcohol, nutrition, and liver injury. Gastroenterology 74: 677–682, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Munro HN, Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ: Insulin, plasma amino acid imbalance, and hepatic coma. Lancet 2: 722–724, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  47. Soeters PB, Fischer JE: Insulin, glucagon, amino acid imbalance, and hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 2: 880–882, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sherwin R, Joshi P, Hendler R, et al: Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec’s cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 290: 239–242, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Iwasaki Y, Sato H, Ohkubo A, et al: Effect of spontaneous portal—systemic shunting on plasma insulin and amino acid concentrations. Gastroenterology 78: 667–683, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gabuzda GJ, Shear L: Metabolism of dietary protein in hepatic cirrhosis. Nutritional and clinical considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 23: 479–487, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. O’Keefe SJD, Abraham R, El-Zayadi A, et al: Increased plasma tyrosine concentrations in patients with cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure associated with increased plasma tyrosine flux and reduced hepatic oxidation capacity. Gastroenterology 81: 1017–1024, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Levine RJ, Conn HO: Tyrosine metabolism in patients with liver disease. J Clin Invest 46: 2012, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  53. Nordlinger BM, Fulenwider JT, Ivey GL, et al: Tyrosine metabolism in cirrhosis. J Lab Clin Med 94: 832, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rudman D, Kutner M, Ansley J, et al: Hypotyrosinemia, hypocystinemia, and failure to retain nitrogen during total parenteral nutrition of cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterology 81: 1025–1035, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Davis VE, Brown H, Huff JA, et al: The alteration of serotonin metabolism to 5-hydroxytryptopol by ethanol ingestion in man. J Lab Clin Med 69: 132–140, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ono J, Hutson DG, Dombro RS, et al: Tryptophan and hepatic coma. Gastroenterology 74: 196–200, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Finkelstein JD, Cello JP, Kyle WE: Alcohol induced changes in methionine metabolism in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61: 475–481, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  58. Horowitz JH, Rypins EB, Henderson JM: Evidence for impairment of transulfuration pathway in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 81: 668–675, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Feinman L, Lieber CS: Hepatic collagen metabolism: Effect of alcohol consumption in rats and baboons. Science 179: 795, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mazey E, Potter JJ, Maddrey WC: Hepatic collagen proline hydroxylase activity in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 68: 313–320, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kneisberg RA, Siegal AM, Owens WC: Alanine and gluconeogenesis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34: 876–883, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  62. Krebs HA, Hems R, Lund P: Accumulation of amino acids by the perfused rat liver in the presence of ethanol. Biochem J 134: 697–705, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fischer JE, Yoshimura N, Aguirre A, et al: Plasma amino acids in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: Effects of amino acid solutions. Am J Surg 127: 40–47, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. James JH, Jeppsson B, Ziparo V, et al: Hyperammonaemia, plasma amino acid imbalance, and blood-brain amino acid transport: A unified theory of portal—systemic encephalopathy. Lancet 2: 772–775, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Morgan MY, Marshall AW, Milsom JP, et al: Plasma amino acid patterns in liver disease. Gut 23: 362–370, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fischer JE, Rosen HM, Ebeid AM, et al: The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in man. Surgery 80: 77–91, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rossi-Fanelli G, Riggio O, Cangiano C, et al: Branched-chain amino acids vs. lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma: A controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 27: 929–935, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Freund H, Dienstag J, Lehrich J, et al: Infusion of branched-chain enriched amino acid solution in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Surg 196: 209–220, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Eriksson LS, Persson A, Wahren J: Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 23: 801–806, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wahren J, Denis J, Desumont P, et al: Is intravenous administration of branched-chain amino acids effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? A multicenter study. Hepatology 3: 475–480, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rudman D, DiFulco TJ, Galambos JT, et al: Maximal rates of excretion and synthesis of urea in normal and cirrhotid subjects. J Clin Invest 52: 2241–2249, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rafoth RJ, Onstad GR: Urea synthesis after oral protein ingestion in man. J Clin Invest 56: 1170–1174, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Khatra BS, Smith RB III, Mi-likan WJ, et al: Activities of Krebs—Henseleit enzymes in normal and cirrhotic human liver. J Lab Clin Med 84: 708–715, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schimke RT: Adaptive characteristics of urea cycle enzymes in the rat. J Biol Chem 237: 459–468, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Colombo JP: Some regulatory aspects of urea synthesis. Enzyme 26: 225–232, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Visek WJ: Ammonia metabolism, urea cycle capacity and their biochemical assessment. Nutr Rev 37: 273–282, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Goodman MW, Zieve L, Kostantinides FN: Mechanism of arginine protection against ammonia intoxication in the rat. Am J Physiol, 247: G290 — G295, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Msall M, Batshaw ML, Suss R, et al: Neurologic outcome in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis: Outcome of urea-cycle enzymopathies. N Engl J Med 310: 1500–1505, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kardel T, Lund Y, Olsen PZ, et al: Encephalopathy and portacaval anastomosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 5: 681–685, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rehnstrom S, Simert G, Hansson JA, et al: Chronic hepatic encephalopathy: A psychometrical study. Scand J Gastroenterol 12: 305–311, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Conn HO: Trailmaking and number-connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy. Am J Dig Dis 22: 541–550, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Smith HH Jr, Smith LS: WAIS functioning of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic alcoholics. J Clin Psycho 33: 309–316, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  83. Rikkers L, Jenko P, Rudman D, et al: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Detection, prevalence, and relationship to nitrogen metabolism. Gastroenterology 75: 462–469, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gilberstadt SJ, Gilberstadt, H, Zieve L, et al: Psychomotor performance defects in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy. Arch Intern Med 140: 519–521, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Schomerus H, Hamster W, Blunck H, et al: Latent portasystemic encephalopathy. I. Nature of cerebral functional defects and their effect on fitness to drive. Dig Dis Sci 26: 622–630, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. McClain CJ, Potter TJ, Kromhout JP, et al: The effect of lactulose on psychomotor performance tests in alcoholic cirrhotics without overt encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol 6: 325–329, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Tarter RE, Hegedus AM, Van Thiel DH, et al: Nonalcoholic cirrhosis associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in the absence of overt evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 86: 1421–1427, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Patek AJ Jr, Haig C: The occurrence of abnormal dark adaptation and its relation to vitamin A metabolism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Invest 18: 606–616, 1939

    Google Scholar 

  89. Russell RM, Morrison SA, Smith FR, et al: Vitamin A reversal of abnormal dark adaptation in cirrhosis: Study of effects on the plasma retinoid transport system. Ann Intern Med 88: 622–6626, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Morrison SA, Russell RM, Carney EA, et al: Zinc deficiency: A cause of abnormal dark adaptation in cirrhotics. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 276–281, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Olson JA, Gunning D, Tilton R: The distribution of vitamin A in human liver. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2500–2507, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Leo MA, Lieber CS: Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. N Engl J Med 307: 597–601, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mayumi S, Lieber CS: Hepatic vitamin A depletion after chronic ethanol consumption in baboons and rats. J Nutr 111: 2015–2023, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  94. Leo MA, Lieber CS: Hepatic fibrosis after long-term administration of ethanol and moderate vitamin A supplementation in the rat. Hepatology 3: 1–11, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Leo MA, Masao A, Mayumi S, et al: Hepatotoxicity of vitamin A and ethanol in the rat. Gastroenterology 82: 194–205, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Weber FL Jr, Mitchell GE Jr, Powell DE, et al: Reversible hepatotoxicity associated with hepatic vitamin A accumulation in a protein-deficient patient. Gastroenterology 82: 118–123, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Smith FR, Goodman DS: Vitamin A transport in human vitamin A toxicity. N Engl J Med 294: 805–808, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mobarhan S, Russell RM, Underwood BA, et al: Evaluation of the relative dose response test to vitamin A nurtiture in cirrhotics. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2264–2270, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Vallee BL, Wacker WEC, Bartholomay AF, et al: Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. I. Serum zinc concentrations in Laennec’s cirrhosis and their validation by sequential analysis. N Engl J Med 255: 403–408, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sullivan JF, Heaney RP: Zinc metabolism in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr 23: 170–177, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kahn AM, Helwig HL, Redeker AG, et al: Urine and serum zinc abnormalities in disease of the liver. Am J Clin Pathol 44: 426–435, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Boyett JD, Sullivan JF: Zinc and collagen content of cirrhotic liver. Dig Dis Sci 15: 797–802, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kiilerich S, Dietrichson O, Loud FB, et al: Zinc depletion in alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 15: 363–367, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Fredricks RE, Tanaka KR, Valentine WN, et al: Zinc in human blood cells: Normal values and abnormalities associated with liver disease. J Clin Invest 39: 1651–1656, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Keeling PWN, Jones RB, Hilton PJ, et al: Reduced leucocyte zinc in liver disease. Gut 21: 561–564, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Halsted JA, Hackley B, Rudzki C, et al: Plasma zinc concentration in liver disease. Gastroenterology 54: 1098–1105, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Trentini GP, Dalla Pria AF, Ferrari de Gaetani C, et al: Cirrosi epatica e modificazioni del contenuto testicolare di zinco. Possibile ruolo della ipozincoemia nella patogenesi dell’ipogonadismo del cirrotico. Arch Vecchi Anat Patol 52: 658–669, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sullivan JF, Lankford HG: Zinc metabolism and chronic alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 17: 57–63, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wang J, Pierson RN Jr: Distribution of zinc in skeletal muscle and liver tissue in normal and dietary controlled alcoholic rats. J Lab Clin Med 85: 50–58, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Kerrigan FJ: Zinc and manganese levels in serum and liver after alcohol feeding and development of fatty cirrhosis in rats. Gut 8: 454–457, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. McClain CJ, Su L-C: Zinc deficiency in the alcoholic. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 7: 5–10, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sullivan JF, Jetton MM, Burch RE: A zinc tolerance test. J Lab Clin Med 93: 485–492, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Giroux EL, Schecter PJ, Schoun J, et al: Reduced binding of added zinc in the serum of patients with decompensated hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest 7: 71–73, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Dinarello CA: lnterleukin-1. Rev Infect Dis 6:51–95, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  115. Raskin NH, Sligar KP, Steinberg RH: Dark adaptation slowed by inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase in the albino rat. Brain Res 50:496–500, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  116. Huber A, Gershoff SN: Effects of zinc deficiency on oxidation of retinol and ethanol in rats. J Nutr 105: 1486–1490, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Smith JC, McDaniel EG, Fan FF, et al: Zinc: A trace element essential in vitamin A metabolism. Science 181: 954–955, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Leure duPree AE: Electron-opaque inclusions in the rat retinal pigment epithelium after treatment with chelators of zinc. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 21: 1–9, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  119. Leure duPree AE, McClain CJ: The effect of severe zinc deficiency on the morphology of the rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23: 425–434, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  120. McClain CJ, Leure duPree AE, Cameron D: The effect of zinc deficiency on the function and morphology of the eye in rats and man. Clin Res 29: 703A, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  121. Toskes PP, Dawson W, Curington C, et al: Non-diabetic retinal abnormalities in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 300: 942–946, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. McClain CJ: Trace metal abnormalities in adults during hyperalimentation. J Parenter Enter Nutr 5: 425–429, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  123. McClain CJ, Soutor C, Steele N, et al: Severe zinc deficiency presenting with acrodermatitis during hyperalimentation: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2: 125–131, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lei KY, Abbasi A, Prasad AS: Function of pituitary-gonadal axis in zinc-deficient animals. Am J Physiol 230: 1730–1732, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. McClain CJ, Van Thiel D: Evidence for Leydig cell failure in zinc deficient animals. Clin Res 26: 683, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  126. Abbasi AA, Prasad AA, Ortega J, et al: Gonadal function abnormalities in sickle cell anemia: Studies in adult male patients. Ann Intern Med 85: 601–605, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. McClain CJ, Soutor C, Zieve L: Zinc deficiency: A complication of Croh’s disease. Gastroenterology 78: 272–279, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Leevy CM, Kanagasundaram N, Smith F: Treatment of liver disease of the alcoholic: A composite approach. Semin Liver Dis 1: 254–266, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Antoniou LD, Shalhoub RJ, Sudhakar T, et al: Reversal of uraemic impotence by zinc. Lancet 2: 895–898, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Good RA: Nutrition and immunity. J Clin Immunol 1: 3–11, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Allen Jl, Kay NE, McClain CJ: Severe zinc deficiency in humans: Association with a reversible T-lymphocyte dysfunction. Ann Intern Med 95: 154–157, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  132. Allen Jl, Perri RT, McClain CJ, et al: Alterations in human natural killer activity and monocyte cytotoxicity induced by zinc deficiency. J Lab Clin Med 102: 577–589, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  133. Audigier JC, Tuyns AJ, Lambert R: Epidemiology of oesophageal cancer in France: Increasing mortality and persistent correlation with alcoholism. Digestion 13: 209–219, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Tuyns AJ, Audigier JC: Double wave cohort increase foroesophageal and laryngeal cancer in France in relation to reduced alcohol consumption during the Second World War. Digestion 14: 197–208, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Rothman KJ: The effect of alcohol consumption on risk of cancer of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 88: 1–5, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  136. McCoy GD: A biochemical approach to the etiology of alcohol related cancers of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 88: 1–4, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  137. Fong LYY, Sivak A, Newberne PM: Zinc deficiency and methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats. J Nail Cancer Inst 61: 145–150, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. van Rensburg SJ, du Bruyn DB, van Schalkwyk DJ: Promotion of methylbenzylnitrosamine induced esophageal cancer in rats by subclinical zinc deficiency. Nutr Rep Int 22: 891–899, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  139. Prasad AS, Overleas D: Thymidine kinase activity and incorporation of thymidine into DNA in zinc-deficient tissue. J Lab Clin Med 83: 634–639, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Fujioka M, Lieberman l: Zinc requirement for synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid by rat liver. J Biol Chem 239: 1164–1167, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Pones WJ, Henze! JH, Rob CG, et al: Acceleration of healing with zinc sulfate. Ann Surg 165: 432–436, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hallbook T, Lanner E: Serum zinc and healing of venous leg ulcers. Lancet 2: 780–782, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Sanstead HH, Lanier VC Jr, Shephard GH, et al: Zinc and wound healing. Am J Clin Nutr 23: 514–519, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  144. Underwood EJ: Selenium. I. Selenium in animal tissues and fluids. 1977, in Trace Elements in Humans and Human Nutrition. New York, Academic Press, 1977, pp 302–346

    Google Scholar 

  145. van Rij AM, Thompson CD, McKenzie JM, et al: Selenium deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2076–2085, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Johnson RA, Baker SS, Fallon JT, et al: An occidental case of cardiomyopathy and selenium deficiency. N Engl J Med 304: 1210–1212, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Anonymous: Selenium: An essential element for glutathione peroxidase activity. Nutr Rev 31: 289–291, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  148. Burk RF, Lawrence RA, Lane JM: Liver necrosis and lipid peroxidation in the rat as a result of paraquat and diquat administration. Effect of selenium deficiency. J Clin Invest 65: 1024–1031, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Stege TE, Handy JD, DiLuzio NR: Acetaldehyde-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, in Seixas FA (ed): Currents in Alcoholism. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1977, pp 139–159

    Google Scholar 

  150. Sullivan JF, Blotcky AJ, Jetton MM, et al: Serum levels of selenium, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc in various human diseases. J Nutr 109: 1432–1437, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Aaseth J, Thomassen Y, Real C, et al: Decreased serum selenium in alcoholic cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 303: 944–945, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  152. Aaseth J, Alexander J, Thomassen Y, et al: Serum selenium levels in liver diseases. Clin Biochem 15: 281–283, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Powell LW: Vitamin E deficiency in human liver disease and its relation to haemolysis. Aust NZ J Med 3: 355–360, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Yoshikawa T, Kondo M: Role of vitamin E in the prevention of hepatocellular damage: Clinical and experimental approach. Ann NY Acad Sci 393: 198–200, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hafeman D, Hoekstra WG: Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat by dietary vitamin E, selenium, and methionine as measured by ethane evolution. J Nutr 107: 656–665, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Sagai M, Tappel AL: Effect of vitamin E on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation as demonstrated by in vivo pentane production. Toxicol Lett 2: 149–155, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. McClain CJ, Kromhout JP, Peterson FJ, et al: Potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by alcohol. JAMA 244: 251–253, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Cederbaum AI, Dicker E, Cohen G: Effect of hydroxyl radical scavengers on microsomal oxidation of alcohols and on associated microsomal reactions. Biochemistry 17: 3058–3064, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Litov RE, Gee DL, Downey JE, et al: The role of lipid peroxidation during chronic and acute exposure to ethanol as determined by pentane expiration in the rat. Lipids 16: 52–57, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Shaw S, layatilleke E, Ross WA, et al: Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation: Potentiation by long-term alcohol feeding and attenuation by methionine. J Lab Clin Med 98: 417–424, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Shaw S, Rubin K, Lieber CS: Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased diene conjugated in alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 28: 585–589, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. MacDonald CM, Dow J, Moore MR: A possible protective role for sulphydryl compounds in acute alcoholic liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 26: 1529–1531, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Taylor SL, Tappel AL: Effect of dietary antioxidants and phenobarbital pretreatment in microsomal lipid peroxidation and activation by carbon tetrachloride. Life Sci 19: 1151–1160, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Peterson FJ, Holloway DE, Erickson RR, et al: Ethanol induction of acetaminophen toxicity and metabolism. Life Sci 27: 1705–1711, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Nasrallah SM, Galambos JT: Aminoacid therapy of alcoholic hepatitia. Lancet 2: 1276–1277, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Smith J, Horowitz J, Henderson JM, et al: Enteral hyperalimentation in undernourished patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 56–72, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Cerra FB, Cheung NK, Fischer JE, et al: A multicenter trial of branched-chain enriched amino acid infusion (FO80) in hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2: 699, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  168. McGhee A, Henderson JM, Millikan WJ, et al: Comparison of the effects of hepatic-acid and a casein modular diet on encephalopathy, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance in cirrhotic patients. Ann Surg 197: 288–293, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Horst D, Grace ND, Conn HO, et al: Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched-chain enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 4: 279–287, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Felig P: Amino acid metabolism in man. Ann Rev Biochem 44: 933–955, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  171. Adibi SA: Roles of branched-chain amino acids in metabolic regulation. J Lab Clin Med 95: 475–484, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sherwin RS: Effect of starvation on the turnover and metabolic response to Leucine. J Clin Invest 61: 1471, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Cerra FB, Upson D, Angelico D, et al: Branched chains support postoperative protein synthesis. Surgery 92: 192–199, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Marchesini G, Zoli M, Dondi C, et al: Anticatabolic effect of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solutions in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2: 420–425, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Administration Hospital and University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA

    David R. Antonow & Craig J. McClain

Authors
  1. David R. Antonow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Craig J. McClain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 15213, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ralph E. Tarter Ph.D.

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 15261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    David H. van Thiel M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Antonow, D.R., McClain, C.J. (1985). Nutrition and Alcoholism. In: Tarter, R.E., van Thiel, D.H. (eds) Alcohol and the Brain. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9134-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9134-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9136-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9134-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation