Abstract
The dispersion of hazardous and toxic gas, often cold and/or heavy in nature, is an important issue within the framework of risk analysis studies associated therewith.
In addition to the analysis of the behaviour of these gases on dispersion by experiments carried out in the field, such an analysis can also be carried out with mathematical models, wind and water tunnels.
The different possibilities and impossibilities offered by the use of wind and water tunnels, mathematical box-models and the so-called three-dimensional models are presented herein.
By analyzing the results obtained from a small scale dispersion experiment carried out in a calm environment, and the results obtained from a wind-tunnel simulation of one of the Thorney Island experiments, two scaling rules have been determined which can play an important role in reliability of physical modelling alongside the scaling-rules in normal current use.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andreiev, D.E., Neff, D.E., and Meroney, R.N., 1983, “Heat transfer effects during cold dense gas dispersion”, Report no. CER83–84-GA-DEN-RNM25. Dep. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.
Berg, A.C. van den, 1978, “Calculations Concerning the Explosive Capacity of Gas Clouds with a Greater Density than Air” (in Dutch), TNO-report PML-1978–10, Rijswijk.
Blackmore, D.R., Hermann, M.N. and Woodward, J.L., 1982, Heavy gas dispersion models, J. of Haz. Mtrls 6 ppl07–128.
Builtjes, P.J.H., and Vermeulen, P.E.J., 1980, “Atmospheric boundary layer simulation in the PIA and MIA wind tunnels of TNO Apeldoorn”, TNO-report 80–0290, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
Chatwin, P.C., 1982, The use of statistics in describing and predicting the effects of dispersing gas clouds, J. of Haz. Mtrls. 6 pp213–230.
Colenbrander, G.W., 1980, A mathematical model for the transient behaviour of dense vapour clouds, 3rd Intl. Symp. loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries, Basle, September 1980.
Cox, R.A., and Roe, D.R., 1977, A model of the Dispersion of Dense Vapour Clouds, Int. Loss Prevention Symp., Heidelberg.
Eidsvik, K.J., 1980, A Model for Heavy Gas Dispersion in the Atmosphere. Atm. Env. 14, pp769–777.
Eisenberg, N.A., Lynch, C.J. and Breeding, R.J., 1975, Vulnerability Model: A simulation System for Assessing Damage from Marine Spills. Enviro Control Inc., USA.
Fryer, L.S., and Kaiser, G.D., 1979, “DENZ-A Computer Program for the Calculation of the Dispersion of Dense Toxic on Explosive Gases in the Atmosphere”. Safety on Reliability Directorate, UK, SRD R152.
Germeies, A.E., and Drake, E.M., 1975, Gravity Spreading and Atmospheric Dispersion of LNG Vapor Clouds. 4th Int. Symp. of Haz. Carq. by Sea & Inland Waterways, Jacksonville/Florida.
Hall, D.J., Hollis, E.J., and Ishaq, H., 1982, “A wind tunnel model of the Porton dens gas spill field trials”, Report no. LR 394 (AP), Warren Springs Laboratory, Stevenage, U.K.
Hall, D.J., Hollis, E.J., and Ishaq, H., 1984, A wind tunnel model of the Porton dense gas spill field trials in: “Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavy Gases and Small Particles”, IUTAM Symposium, Delft, The Netherlands, Aug. 29- Sept. 2, 1983 (G. Ooms & H. Tennekes, eds.). Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Havens, J.A., and Spicer, T.O., 1984, Gravity spreading and air entrainment by heavy gases instantaneously released in a calm atmosphere, in: “Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavy Gases and Small Particles”, IUTAM Symposium, Delft, The Netherlands, Aug. 29- Sept. 2, 1983 (G. Ooms & H. Tennekes, eds.). Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Heugten, W.H.H. van, and Duijm, N.J., 1984, Some findings based on wind-tunnel simulation and model calculations of Thorney Island trial no. 008. Paper presented at the HSE-symposium “Heavy gas dispersion trials at Thorney Island”, Sheffield, U.K., 3–5 April 1984, and submitted for publication in J. of Haz. Mtrls.
McQuaid, J., 1984a, Large scale experiments on the dispersion of heavy gas clouds, in: “Atmospheric Disperson of Heavy Gases and Small Particles”, IUTAM Symposium, Delft, The Netherlands, Aug. 29- Sept. 2, 1983 (G. Ooms & H. Tennekes, eds.) Springer Verlag Berlin.
McQuaid, J., 1984b, Observations on the current status of field experimentation on heavy gas dispersion, in: “Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavy Gases and Small Particles”, IUTAM Symposium, Aug. 29- Sept. 2, 1983 (G. Ooms & H. Tennekes, eds). Springer Verlag Berlin.
Meroney, R.N., and Neff, D.E., 1982, Dispersion of vapour from liquid natural gas spills — evaluation of simulation in a meteorological wind tunnel: five-cubic-meter China Lake spill series. J. of Wind Eng, and Ind. Aerodynamics 10 ppl-19.
Meroney, R.N., and Lohmeyer, A., 1984, Statistical characteristics of instantaneous dense gas clouds released in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel, Boundary Layer Met. 28 pp 1–22.
Neff, D.E., and Meroney, R.N., 1982, “The behaviour of LNG vapor clouds: Wind-tunnel tests on the modeling of heavy plume dispersion”, Report no. CER81–8DEN-RNM25. Dep. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.
Prince, A.J., Webber, D.M., and Brighton, P.W.M., 1985, “Thorney Island heavy gas dispersion trials-determination of path and area of cloud from photographs”. Safety and Reliability Directorate, U.K., SRD R 318.
Puttock, J.S., Blackmore, D.R., and Colenbrander, G.W., 1982, Field experiments on dense gas dispersion. J. of Haz. Mtrls 6 ppl3–4l.
Puttock, J.S., 1985, Summary of heavy gas spills experimental research. Paper presented at “Heavy gas (LNG/LPG) workshop”, Jan. 29–30, 1985, Toronto, Ontario.
Robins, A.G., 1975, Experimental model techniques for the investigation of the dispersion of chimney plumes. Proc. Industr. Mech. Engrs. 189/4–75 pp44.
Robins, A.G., 1978, Plume dispersion from ground sources in simulated atmospheric boundary layers. Atm. Env., 12 ppl033–1044.
Robins, A.G., 1979, The development and structure of simulated neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layers. J. of Ind. Aerodynamics 4/1 pp71–100.
Schnatz, G., and Kirsch, J., 1984, “Verification of various models for the expansion and dispersion of heavy gas clouds on the basis of large scale experiments”, Report no. XII 1952/84, Battelle-Institut E.V., Frankfurt a/M.
Snyder, W.H., 1972, Similarity criteria for the application of fluid models to the study of air pollution meteorology, Boundary Layer Met. 3 ppll3–134.
Ulden, A.P. van, 1974, On the Spreading of a Heavy Gas Released near the Ground. Paper presented at the 1st Int. Loss Prev. Symposium, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Ulden, A.P. van, 1984, A new bulk model for denze gas dispersion: two-dimensional spread in still air, in: “Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavy Gases and Small Particles”, IUTAM Symposium, Aug. 29- Sept. 2, 1983 (G. Ooms & H. Tennekes, eds.). Springer Verlag Berlin.
Wheatley, C.J., and Webber, D.M., 1984, “Aspects of the dispersion of denser-than-air vapours relevant to gas cloud explosions”. Report no. XII/829/84-EN. Safety & Reliability Directorate, UKAEA, Wigshaw lane, Culcheth, Warrington WA3 4NE, U.K.
Zeman, O., 1982, The Dynamics and Modeling of Heavier-than-air Cold Gas Releases. Atm. Env., 16, 4, pp74l-751.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duijm, N.J., van Ulden, A.P., van Heugten, W.H.H., Builtjes, P.J.H. (1986). Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Heavy Gas Dispersion — Accuracy and Reliability. In: De Wispelaere, C., Schiermeier, F.A., Gillani, N.V. (eds) Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application V. NATO · Challenges of Modern Society, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9125-9_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9125-9_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9127-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9125-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive