Abstract
The cryogenic system for the superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron consists of 3 – 1,600 W refrigerators operating at 4.5 K. Since the Nuclotron only requires the output of 2 of these refrigerators, a distribution system based on the “satellite” refrigerator concept was developed to maximize reliability of the overall refrigeration system while simultaneously maintaining a high level of system efficiency. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of, and the experimental data for, the Nuclotron refrigerators operating in the “satellite” mode.
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Abbreviations
- e0 :
-
specific exergy of liquid helium, J/g
- F:
-
surface of the heat exchanger, m2
- G:
-
compressed gas flow g/sec
- g:
-
compressed gas flow per unit refrigeration capacity, (g/ sec)/W
- i:
-
enthalpy of high pressure stream at a certain position, J/g
- in :
-
enthalpy of helium at the cycle position “n”, J/g
- k:
-
heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
- p3 :
-
compressor inlet pressure, MPa
- p4 :
-
compressor outlet pressure, MPa
- Q:
-
refrigeration capacity, W
- R:
-
gas constant of helium, J/(g K)
- r:
-
heat of boiling, J/g
- Ta :
-
ambient temperature, K
- x:
-
mass vapor content of the stream
- α:
-
liquid helium flow per unit compressed gas flow (coefficient of surplus return flow)
- Δis :
-
enthalpy reduction of the isentropic expansion, J/g
- ΔT:
-
temperature difference between high and low pressure streams at a certain position, K
- ε:
-
total power expense per unit of refrigeration capacity
- εα :
-
liquefaction work of the independent liquefier
- εg:
-
compression work
- ηc:
-
isothermal efficiency of compressor
- ηLHe:
-
efficiency of the independent helium liquefaction unit
- ηs:
-
isentropic efficiency of the expander
References
A.M. Baldin, et al., Cryogenic system of the Nuclotron — a new superconducting synchrotron, in: “Advances in Cryogenic Engineering,” Vol. 39. Plenum Press, New York (1994). p. 501.
N. Agapov, et al., Development & operating experience of the Nuclotron cryogenic system, in: Proc. of the 16th Int. Cryogenic Eng. Conf., Kitakyushu (1996). p. 139.
J. Theilacker, et al., Commissioning of the Tevatron satellite refrigeration system, in: “Advances in Cryogenic Engineering.” Vol. 29. Plenum Press. New York (1984). p. 429.
P. Grassmann and J. Kopp, Zur gunstigsten Wahl der Temperaturdifferenz und der Warmeubergangszahl in Warmeaustauschern, Kaltetechnik. 10:306 (1957).
E. I. Dyachkov, H. G. Khodhzibagiyan, and VN. Kuzichev. A satellite refrigerator for testing superconducting magnets with a forced cooling system, in: Proc. of the 10th Int. Cryogenic Eng. Conf., Helsinki (1984), p. 735.
A.M. Baldin. et al., Superconducting fast cycling magnets of the Nuclotron. in: IEEE Transactions on applied superconductivity, v. 5. No 2 (1995), p. 875.
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© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
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Agapov, N.N., Khodzhibagiyan, H.G., Kovalenko, A.D. (1998). Thermodynamic Analysis and Operating Experience of the Nuclotron Helium Refrigerators in the “Satellite” Mode. In: Kittel, P. (eds) Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, vol 43. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_67
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_67
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