Abstract
The purposes of clarification and fining during wine processing include removal of excessive levels of certain wine components, achieving clarity, and making that clarity stable especially from a physicochemical viewpoint. The noun fining is used in winemaking to describe the deliberate addition of an adsorptive compound that is followed by the settling or precipitation of partially soluble components from the wine. The materials used for these reasons are collectively referred to as fining agents, even though the solutes that they address and the mechanism of their removal vary considerably. The need to employ such treatments is often determined not only by compositional aspects of the musts but also by the winemaking practices that have been employed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bach, H. P., and P. Hoffman. 1978. “Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Mostbehandlung auf Geschmack und Zusammensetzung der weine.” Weinwirt. 41: 1259–1265.
Bauer, H., M. Horisberger, D. A. Bush, and E. Sigarlaki. 1972. “Mannan as a major component of the bud scars of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.” Arch. Mikrobiol. 85: 202–208.
Bayindirli, L., M. Oezilgen, and S. Ungan. 1989. “Modeling of apple juice filtrations.” J. Food Sci. 54: 1003–1006.
Belleville, M.-P., J.-M. Brillouet, B. Tarodo De La Fuente, L. Saulnier, and M. Moutounet. 1991. “Differential roles of red wine colloids in the fouling of a cross-flow microfiltration alumina membrane.” Vitic. Enol. Sci. 46: 100–107.
Bennasar, M., and B. Tarodo De La Fuente. 1987. “Model of the fouling mechanism and of the working of a mineral membrane in tangential filtration.” Sci. Aliments 7: 647–655.
Berg, L. A., G. Godwin-Austin, and K. Robison. 1986. “Effect of fibers added during pressure leaf filtration on the membrane filterability of white table wines.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 37: 174–178.
Berger, J. L. 1985. “Etude de la microfiltration tangentielle sur des Beaujolais.” Rev. des Oenol. 36: 17–21.
Blade, H. W., and R. B. Boulton. 1988. “Adsorption of protein by bentonite in a model wine solution.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39: 193–199.
Bobet, R. A., A. C. Noble, and R. B. Boulton. 1990. “Kinetics of the ethanethiol and diethyl disulfide interconversion in wine-like solutions.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 449–452.
Boulton, R. 1976. “Crossflow filtration of Juices and Wines.” Unpublished Data.
Boulton, R. 1980. “The quantitative evaluation of juice and wine filtrations.” Proc. U.C. Davis Grape and Wine Cent. Symp. 16–19.
Bourderioux, M., and C. Vican. 1989. “La preparation de boissons a faible degre alcoolique a partir du vin par osmose inverse.” Rev. des Oenol. 51: 31–32.
Brillouet, J.-M., C. Bosso, and M. Moutounet. 1990. “Isolation, purification and characterization of an arabinogalactan from a red wine.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 41: 29–36.
Brillouet, J.-M., M. Moutounet, and J. L. Escudier. 1989. “Fate of yeast and grape pectic polysaccharides of a young red wine in the cross-flow microfiltration process.” Vitis 28: 49–63.
Brillouet, J.-M., M.-P. Moutounet, and M. Moutounet. 1991. “Possible protein-polysaccharide complexes in red wines.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 42: 150–152.
Caputi, A. Jr., and R. G. Peterson. 1965. “The browning problem in wines.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16: 9–13.
Castino, M. and C. Delfini. 1984. “La filtrabilita dei vini in funzione del tenore in colloidi.” Vini dItalia 26: 45–56.
Cattaruzza, A., C. Peri, and M. Rossi. 1987. “Ultrafiltration and deep-bed filtration of a red wine: Comparative experiments.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38: 139–142.
Chibata, I., T. Tosa, T. Mom, T. Watanabe, and N. Sakata. 1986. “Immobilized Tannin.” Enz. Microbiol. Technol. 8: 130–136.
Chibata, I., T. Tosa, T. Motu, T. Watanabe, K Yomashita, and N. Sakata. 1982. “Applications of immobilized tannin for protein and metal absorption.” In Enzyme Engineering VI, I. Chibata et al. Eds. New York: Plenum Press.
Cuenat, P., D. Kobel, and E. Zufferey. 1989. “L’osmose inverse et l’oenologie.” Bull. O.I.V. 62: 519–537.
Dean, J. A. 1987. Handbook of Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
De La Garza, F. 1982. “The modeling of wine filtrations.” MS thesis, Davis, CA: University of California.
De La Garza, F., and R. Boulton. 1984. “The modeling of wine filtrations.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 35: 189–195.
Descout, J. J. 1989. “Utilisation des metaux frittes dans la filtration des vins.” Rev. d Oenol. 51: 11–17.
Descout, J. J., J. L. Bordier, J. Laurenty, and G. Guimberteau. 1976. “Contribution a l’etude des phenomenes de colmatage lors de la filtration des vins sur filtre ecran.” Conn. Vigne Vin 10: 93–123.
Dubourdieu, D., A. Lefebre, and P. Ribéreau-Gayon. 1976. “Influence d’un traitement physique d’iltradispersion sur la filtraton des vines.” Conn. Vigne Vin. 10: 73–92
Escudier, J. L., and M. Moutounet. 1987. “Filtration tangentielle et stabilisation tartrique des vins. 2. Apport de la microfiltration tangentielle dans la stabilisation tartrique d’un vin rouge.” Rev. Fr. Oenol. 109: 44–50.
Escudier, J. L., M. Moutounet, and P. Benard. 1987. “Filtration tangentielle et stabilisation tartrique des vins. 1. Influence de l’ultrafiltration sur la cinetique de cristallisation du bitartrate de potassium des vins.” Rev. Fr. Oenol. 108: 52–57.
Esser, K. D. 1972. “Zur Messung der Filtrierbarkeit.” Monats. Brauer. 25: 145–151.
Eyben, D., and J. P. Duthoy. 1979. “The filterability of wort and beer.” Mast. Brew. Assoc. Amer. Tech. Quart. 16: 135–141.
Feuillat, M. 1987. “Stabilisation et clarification des vins: Aspects colloidaux.” Rev. d Oenol. 45: 7–17.
Feuillat, M., C. Charpentier, G. Picca, and P. Bernard. 1988. “Production des colloides par levures dans le vin mousseux elabore selon la methode champenoise.” Rev. Fr. Oenol. 111: 36–45.
Flores, J. H., D. A. Heatherbell, J. C. Hsu, and B. T. Watson. 1988. “Ultrafiltration of White Riesling juice: Effect of oxidation and pre-UF juice treatment on flux, composition and stability.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39: 180–187.
Fuller, W. L., and H. W. Berg. 1965. “Treatment of white wine with nylon 66.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16: 212–218.
Fussnegger, B., R. Maurer, and J. Detering. 1992. “Unlosliche, komplexbildende Polymere als potentielle Substitutionsprodukte fur Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(II) zur Schwermetallverminderung in Wein.” Wein-Wissen. 47: 8–23.
Gaillard, M. 1984. “La filtration finale des vins sur membranes.” Vignes Vin 326: 22–41.
Gaillard, M. 1989. “Essais de microfiltration tangentielle de vins avec le filtre Memcor.” Rev. des Oenol. 51: 65–68.
Gaillard, M., and J. L. Berger. 1984. “Ultrafiltration et microfiltration tangentielle. Resultats d’essais sur mout et vin.” Rev. Fr. d Oenol. 95: 39–62.
Geoffroy, P., and J. Perin. 1962. “La filtration.” Vigneron Champenois 83: 33–39.
Harris, M. B. 1964. “Grape juice clarification b) filtration.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 15: 54–62.
Haurowitz, F. 1963. The Chemistry and Function of Proteins, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
Hermans, P. H., and H. L. Bredee. 1936. “Principles of the mathematical treatment of constant-pressure filtration.” J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 55: 1–4.
Hsu, J. C., D. A. Heatherbell, J. H. Flores, and B. T. Watson. 1987. “Heat unstable proteins in grape juice and wine: 2. Characterization and removal by ultrafiltration.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38: 17–22.
Jakob, L. 1965. “Bedeutung und verhaltensweise der sogenannten natrium-und calcium-Bentonite in der kellerwirtschaft.” Weinblatt. 59: 613–619.
Jakob, L. 1968. “Eiweissgehalt und Bentonitscho- nung von Wein.” Wein-Wissen. 23: 255–274.
Jenness, R. 1970. “Protein composition of milk.” In, Milk Proteins-Chemistry and Molecular Biology. H. A. McKenzie, Ed. New York: Academic Press.
Kern, K K., and K. Wucherpfennig. 1991. “Entfernung von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink aus Weinen mit Einenchelatharz-einen Alternative zur Blauschonung.” Weinwissen. 46: 69–77.
Kern, K. K., K. Wucherpfennig, H. Dietrich, and O. Schmidt. 1992. “Chelatbildner zur Schwermallentfernung.” Weinwirt.-Technik 5: 45–50.
Lay, H., and W. Leis. 1988. “Uber das Vorkommen der Metalle Zink, Cadmium, Blei und Kupfer in Most, Wein und in den bei der weinbereitung anfallenden nebenproduckten.” Wein-Wissen 43: 107–115.
Lay, H., and E. Lemperle. 1981. “Kupfergehalt auf Weintrauben, in Traubenmost und in Wein nach anwendung Kupferhaltiger Peronospora-fungizide.” Weinwirt. 117: 908–912.
Lemperle, E. 1989. “Wirkstoffruckstande nach Fungizidanwendung.” Weinwirt.-Technik 125 (3): 14–26.
Light, W. G., L. A. Mooney, H. C. Chu, and S. K. Wood. 1986. “Alcohol removal from beer by reverse osmosis.” Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. Symp. Series, Vol 82, (250): 1–8.
Llaubéres, R. M. 1990. “Structure of an extracellular (3 D-glucan from Pediococcus sp., a wine lactic bacteria.” Carbohydr. Res. 203: 103–107.
Llauberes, R. M., D. Dubourdieu, and J.-C. Villettaz. 1987. “Exocellular polysaccharide from Saccharomyces in wine.” J. Sci. Food Agric. 41: 277–286.
Loubser, G. L., and R. D. Sanderson. 1986. “The removal of copper and iron from wine using a chelating resin.” S. Afric. J. Enol. Vitic. 7: 47–51.
Ludemann, A. 1987. “Wine clarification with a crossflow microfiltration system.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38: 228–235.
Meglioli, G., A. Battezzati, and C. Marchesini. 1983. “L’indice di filtrabilita: Principi teorici ed applicazioni.” Ind. Bevande 12: 445–450.
Mennett, R. H., and T. O. M. Nakayama. 1970a. “The adsorption of hydroxybenzoic acids by poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 21: 169–175.
Menneti, R. H., and T. O. M. Nakayama. 1970b. “Temperature dependency of tannin adsorption by poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 21: 162–167.
Miller, G. C., J. M. Amon, R. L. Gibson, and R. F. Simpson. 1985. “Loss of wine aroma attributable to protein stabilization with bentonite or ultra filtration.” Aust. Grapegrower & Winemaker(4):46–50.
Mobius, C. H., and S. Görtges. 1976. “Bentonit zur Most-und Weinbehandlung.” Pts 1–3. Deut.Weinbau 27:1081–1082, 28:1103–1105, 29: 1136–1139.
Morris, T. M. 1984. “Particle size analysis of beer solids using a Coulter Counter.” J. Inst. Brew. 90: 162–166.
Niefind, H. J., and F J. Schmitz. 1981. “New process for alcohol reduction of beer through dialysis”. Euro. Brew. Cony. Proc. 18th Congr. Copenhagen. 599–606.
Oechsle, D., and T. Schneider. 1992. “Gerbstoffe entfernen mit PVPP.” Weinwirt. Technik 5: 54–58.
Oh, H., and J. E. Hoff. 1987. “pH dependence of complex formation between condensed tannins and proteins.” J. Food Sci. 52: 1267–1269.
Oh, H., J. E. Hoff, and L. A. Haff. 1985. “Immobilized condensed tannins and their interaction with proteins.” J. Food Sci. 50: 1652–1654.
Ough, C. S., and M. A. A. Merine. 1988. Methods for Analysis of Musts and Wines. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ough, C. S., E. A. Crowell, and J. Benz. 1982. “Metal content of California wines.” J. Food Sci. 47: 825–828.
Parent, Y. O., and W. A. Welsh. 1986. “Davison protein removal system development.” Practical Winery 7 (3): 80–83.
Peri, C. 1987. “Les techniques de filtration tangentielle des mouts et des vins.” Bull. O.I.V. 60: 789–800.
Peri, C., M. Riva, and P. Decio. 1988. “Crossflow membrane filtration of wines: Comparison of performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration and intermediate cut-off membranes.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39: 162–168.
Piracci, A. 1988. “I test di filtrabilita: Alcune perplessita da evidenze sperimentali.” Ind. Bevande. 17: 305–311.
Poirier, D., F. Maris, M. Bennasar, J. Gillot, D. Garcera, and B. Torado De La Fuente. 1984. “Clarification et stabilisation des vins par filtration tangentielle sur membranes minerales.” Ind. Aliment. Agric. 101: 481–490.
Postel, W., B. Meier, and R. Markert. 1986a. “Einfluss verschiedener Behandlungsstoffe auf den Gehalt des Weins an Mengen-und Spurenelementen. I. Bentonit.” Mitt. Kloster. 36: 20–27.
Postel, W., B. Meier, and R. Markert. 1986b. “Einfluss verschiendener Behanlungsstoffe auf den Gehalt des Weins an Mengen-und Spurenelementen. II. Aktivkohle.” Mitt. Kloster. 37: 219–226.
Postel, W., B. Meier, and R. Markert. 1987. “Einfluss verschiendener Behanlungsstoffe auf den Gehalt des Weins an Mengen-und Spurenelementen. III. Kieselguhr und Perlite.” Mitt. Kloster. 37: 219–226.
Powers, J. H., C. W. Nagel, and K. Weller1988. “Protein removal from a wine by immobilized grape proanthocyanidins.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39: 117–120.
Purchas, D. B. 1967. Industrial Filtration of Liquids. Cleveland, OH, USA, CRC Press.
Raible, K., and H. Bantleon. 1968. “Uber die Filtrationseigenschaften von Bier.” Monats. Brauer. 21: 277–285.
Rankine, B. C., and W. W. Emerson. 1963. “Wine clarification and protein removal by Bentonite.” J. Sci. Food Agric. 14: 687 689.
Ribéreau-Gayon, J., and E. Peynaud. 1961. Traite d Oenologie, Vol 2, p. 742. Paris: Beranger.
Rodriguez, J. L. P., A. Weiss, and G. Lagaly. 1977. “A natural clay organic complex from Andalusian black earth.” Clay and Clay Minerals 25: 243–251.
Romat, H., J. J. Descout, and G. Guimberteau. 1986. “Etude de l’utilization des parois metaliques poreuses frittees pour la filtration des vins.” Conn. Vigne Vin 20: 215–231.
Rossi, J. A., JR., and V. L. Singleton. 1966. “Flavor effects and adsorptive properties of purified fractions of grape-seed phenols.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 17: 240–246.
Salgues, M., C. Dumon, and F. Maris. 1982. “Etude de quelques conditions influencant la filtration des vins sur membrane.” Conn. Vigne Vin 16: 257–269.
Saywell, L. G. 1934a. “Clarification of vinegar.” Ind. Eng. Chem. 26: 379–385.
Saywell, L. G. 1934b. “Clarification of wine.” Ind. Eng. Chem. 26: 981–982.
Schmitt, A., H. Kohler, P. Miltenberger, and K. Curschmann. 1989. “Vergleich verschiedener cross-flow Filtrationssysteme.” Weinwirt. Technik 1: 7–14.
Serrano, M., D. Dubourdieu, and P. Ribéreau-Gayon. 1982. “Mise au point d’un test de filtration sur plaques utilisable en oenologie.” Sci. Aliments 2: 313–328.
Serrano, M., A. C. Vannier, and P. Ribéreau-Gayon. 1988. “Clarification des vins par filtration en flux tangential (ultrafiltration). Incidence sur la composition chimique et qualites organoleptiques. Evolution des produits au cours du vieillissement.” Conn. Vigne Vin 22: 49–71.
Serrano, M., B. Pontens, and P. Ribéreau-Gayon. 1992. “Etude de differentes membranes de microfiltration tangentielle. Comparison avec la filtration sur precouche de diatomees.” J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin 16: 97–116.
Siddiqui, M. K. H. 1968. Bleaching Earths, Chapter 3. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
Singleton, V. L. 1964. “Application of charcoal in wine clarification.” Wines & Vines 45:March: 29–31.
Singleton, V. L. 1967. “Adsorption of natural phenols from beer and wine.” Mast. Brew. Assoc. Am. Tech. Quart. 4: 245–253.
Singleton, V. L., and A. C. Noble. 1976. “Wine flavor and phenolic substances.” In Phenolic, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Compounds in Food Flavors, G. Charlambous and I. Katz, Eds, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Series, Number 26: 47–70. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
Sperry, D. R. 1917. “The principles of filtration.” Chem. Met. Eng. 17:161–166.
Sudraud, R., and J. Cape. 1985. “Observations sur la composition et le controle d’efficacite des bentonites.” Rev. Fr. Oenol. 97: 21–24.
Taniguchi, M., N. Koani, and T. Kobayashi. 1987. “High-concentration cultivation of lactic acid bacteria in fermentor with cross-flow filtration.” J. Ferment. Technol. 65: 179–184.
Tercelj, D. 1965. “Etude des composes azotes du vin.” Ann. Technol. Agric. 14: 307–319.
Thompson, D. 1991. “The application of osmotic distillation for the wine industry.” Aust. Grape-grower Winemaker 328: 11–14.
Usseglio-Tomasset, L. 1976. “Les colloides glucidiques soluble des mouts et des vins.” Conn. Vigne Vin 10: 193–226.
Villettaz, J.-C. 1988. “Les colloides du mout et du vin.” Rev. Fr. Oenol. 111:23–27.
Wagener, W. W. 1970. “Effects of fining agents on the settling of Riesling and Steen musts of the 1970 vintage.” Die Wynboer 466 July:18–20.
Watanabe, T., T. Mom, N. Sakata, K. Yamashita, T. Tosa, I. Chibata, Y. Nunokawa, and S. Shiinoki. 1979. “Continuous fining of sake with immobilized tannin.” Hakkokogaku 57: 141–147.
Waters, E. J., W. Wallace, M. E. Tate, and P. Williams. 1993. “Isolation and partial characterization of a natural haze protective factor from wine.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 724–730.
Weetall, H. H., J. T. Zelco, and L. E. Bailey. 1984. “A new method for the stabilization of white wine.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 35: 212–215.
Welsh, W. A., and Y. O. Parent. 1985. “New protein removal process.” Practical Winery 6 (1): 34–38.
Will, F., W. Pfeifer, and H. Dietrich. 1991. “The importance of colloids for wine quality.” Vitic. Enol. Sci. 46: 78–84.
Wucherpfennig, K., R. Aquillina, and R. Ankele. 1975. “Gelatine and Kieselsol for treatment of grape juice and wine.” Proc. 4th Intl. Enology Symposium. Valencia, Spain, pp. 95–110.
Wucherpfennig, K., and H. Dietrich. 1989. “Theimportance of colloids for clarification of musts and wines.” Vitic. Enol. Sci. 44: 1–12.
Wucherpfennig, K., H. Dietrich, and R. Fauth. 1984. “Uber den Einfluss von Polysacchariden auf die Klarung und Filterfahigkeit von Weinen unter besonderer Beruck-sichtigung des Botrytisglucans.” Dew. Lebens Rund. 80: 38–44.
Wucherpfennig, K., and P. Possmann. 1972. “Beitrag zur kombinierten Gelatin-Kieslsolschonung.” Fluss. Obst. 2: 48–52.
Würdig, G., and R. Woller. 1989. Chemie des Weines. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer.
Yokotsuka, K., K. Nozum, and T. Kushida. 1983. “Turbidity formation caused by interaction of must proteins with wine tannins.” J. Ferm. Technol. 61: 413–416.
Yokotsuka, K., and V. L. Singleton. 1987. “Interactive precipitation between graded peptides from gelatin and specific grape tannin fractions in wine-like model solutions.” Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38: 199–206.
Zimmer, E., C.-D. Patz, and H. Dietrich. 1992. “Direct determination of molecular weight distribution of high molecular substances in wines and juices.” Vitic. Enol. Sci. 47: 121–129.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Boulton, R.B., Singleton, V.L., Bisson, L.F., Kunkee, R.E. (1999). The Fining and Clarification of Wines. In: Principles and Practices of Winemaking. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6255-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6255-6_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5190-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6255-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive