Abstract
Reactive gliosis, leading to the formation of glial scar, is the response of astrocytes to CNS injury. It is an ubiquitous reaction observed in a large number of pathological conditions, such as mechanical and chemical lesions, as well as degenerative processes (Fulcrand and Privat, 1977; Eng and De Armond, 1982). This reaction is twofold, being characterized by an astrocyte multiplication (hyperplasia) as well as an hypertrophy of the perikarya and processes (Hain et al., 1960; Nathaniel and Nathaniel, 1981). The main intracellular event is an increase of the number of gliafilaments, paralleled by a raise in GFAP immunoreactivity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Balcarek, J. M., and Cowan, N. J., 1985, Structure of the mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein gene. implications for the evolution of the intermediate filament multigene family, Nucleic Acid Res. 13: 5527–5543.
Bhattacharya, B., Mandai, C., Basu, S., and Sarkar, P. K., 1987, Regulation of a-and ß-tubulin mRNAs in rat brain during synaptogenesis, Mol. Brain Res. 2:159–162.
Bigbee, J. W., Bigner, D. D., Pegram, C., and Eng, L. F., 1983, Study of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a human glioma cell line grown in culture and as a solid tumor, J. Neurochem. 40:460–467.
Dahl, D., and Bignami, A., 1973, Glial fibrillary acidic protein from normal human brain. Purification and properties, Brain Res. 57: 343–360.
De Armond, S. J, Fajardo, M., Naughton, S. A., and Eng, L.F., 1983, Degradation of glial fibrillary acidic protein by a calcium dependent proteinase an electroblot study, Brain Res. 262: 275–282.
De Armond, S. J., Lee, Y. L., Kretzschmar, H. A., and Eng, L. F., 1986, Turnover of glial filaments in mouse spinal cord, J. Neurochem. 47:1749–1753.
Dupouey, P., Benjelloun-Touini, S., and Gomes, D., 1985, Histochemical demonstration of an organized cytoarchitecture of the radial glia in the CNS of the embryonic mouse. Dev. Neurosci. 7:81–93.
Eng, L. F., and De Armond, S. J., 1982, Immunocytochemical studies of astrocytes in normal development and disease. Adv. Cell Neurobiol. 3:145–171.
Eng, L. F., Gerstl, B., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J., 1970, A study of proteins in old multiple sclerosis plaques, Trans. Amer. Soc. Neurochem. 1:42.
Eng, L. F., Reier, P. J., and Houle, J. D., 1987, Astrocyte activation and fibrous gliosis glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining of astrocytes following intraspinal cord grafting of fetal CNS tissue, in: “Progress in brain research”, F. J. Seil, E. Herbert, B. M. Carlson, eds, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Biomedical Division, Amsterdam, Vol. 71, pp 439–455.
Eng, L. F., Vanderhaegen, J. J., Bignami, A., and Gerstl, B., 1971, An acidic protein isolated from fibrous astrocytes, Brain Res. 28: 351–354.
Faucon-Biguet, N., Buda, M., Lamouroux, A., Samolyk, D., and Mallet, J., 1986, Time course of the changes of TH mRNA in rat brain and adrenal medulla after a single injection of reserpine, EMBO J. 5: 287–291.
Fedoroff, S., 1986, Prenatal ontogenesis of astrocytes, in: “Astrocytes”, S. Fedoroff, and Vernadakis eds
Academic Press, Orlando, San Diego, New York, Austin, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Vol. 1, pp 3567.
Fedoroff, S., Neal, J., Opas, M., and Kalnius, V. I., 1984, Astrocyte cell lineage. III The morphology of differentiating mouse astrocytes in colony culture, J. Neurocvtol. 13: 1–20.
Fulcrand, J., and Privat, A., 1977, Neuroglial reactions secondary to Wallerian degeneration in the optic nerve of the postnatal rat Ultrastructural and quantitative study. J. Comp. Neurol. 176, 189–221.
Geisler, N., and Weber, K., 1981, Comparison of the proteins of two immunologically distinct intermediate-sized filaments by amino acid sequence analysis. Desmin and vimentin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4120–4123.
Geisler, N., and Weber, K., 1982, The amino acid sequence of chicken muscle desmin provides a common structural model for intermediate filament proteins, EMBO J., 1: 1649–1656.
Goldman, J. E., Schaumburg, H. H., and Norton, W. T., 1978, Isolation and characterization of glial filaments from human brain, J. Cell. Biol. 78:426–440.
Hain, R. F., Rieke, W. O., and Everett, N. B., 1960, Evidence of mitosis in neuroglia as revealed by radioautography employing tritiated thymidine, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 19:147–148.
Hanahan, D., and Meselson, M., 1980, Plasmid screening at high colony density, Gene 10: 63–67.
Isacson, O., Fischer, W., Wictorin, K., Dawbarn, D., and Björklund, A., 1987, Astroglial response in the excitotoxically lesioned neostriatum and its projection areas in the rat, Neuroscience 20: 1043–1056.
Kitamura, T., Nakanishi, K., Watanabe, S., Endo, Y., and Fujita, S., 1987, GFA-protein gene expression on the astroglia in cow and rat brains, Brain Res. 423: 189–195.
Kubota, Y., Inagaki, S., Kito, S., Takagi, H., and Smith, A. D., 1986, Ultrastructural evidence of dopaminergic input to enkephalinergic neurons in rat neostriatum, Brain Res. 367: 374–378.
Latov, N., Nilaver, G., Zimmerman, E. A., Johnson, W. G., Silverman, A. J., Defendini, R., and Cote, L., 1979, Fibrillary astrocytes proliferate in response to brain injury: A study combining immunoperoxidase technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein and radioautography of tritiated thymidine, Develop. Biol. 72:381–384.
Lazarides, E., 1980, Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space, Nature (London) 283:249–256.
Lewis, S. A., Balcarek, J. M., Krek, V., Shelanski, M., and Cowan, N. J., 1984, Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein: Structural conservation of intermediate filaments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:2743–2746.
Lomedico, P. T., and Saunders, G. F., 1976, Preparation of pancreatic mRNAS cell-free translation of an insulinimmunoreactive peptide, Nucleic Acids Res. 2: 381–391.
Malloch, G. D. A., Clark, J. B., and Burnet, F. R., 1987, Glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cytoskeletal and soluble protein fractions of the developing rat brain, J. Neurochem. 48:299–306.
Marshall, J. F., 1985, Neural plasticity and recovery of function after brain injury, in: “International review of neurobiology, J. R. Smythies, R. J. Bradey, eds, Academic Press, London, Vol. 26, pp 201–247.
Nathaniel, E.J.H., and Nathaniel DR, 1981, The reactive astrocyte, in: “Advances in Cellular Neurobiology”, S. Federoff and L. Hertz, eds, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 2, pp 249–301.
Newcombe, J., Glynn, P., and Cuzner, M. L., 1982, The immunological identification of brain proteins on cellulose nitrate in human demyelinating disease, J. Neurochem. 38: 267–274.
Patel, A. J., Weir, M. D., Hunt, A., Tahourdin, C. S. M., and Thomas, D. G. T., 1985, Distribution of glutamine synthetase and glial fibrillary acidic protein and correlation of glutamine synthetase with glutamate decarboxylase in different regions of the rat central nervous system, Brain Res. 331: 1–9.
Paxinos, G., and Watson, C., 1982, “The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates”, Academic Press, Sydney.
Pelham, H. R. B., and Jackson, R. J., 1976, An efficient mRNA-dependent translation system from reticulocyte lysates, Eur. J. Biochem. 67:247–256.
Quax-Jeuken, Y. E. F. M., Quax, W. J., and Bloemendal, H., 1983, Primary and secondary structure of hamster vimentin predicted from the nucleotide sequence, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3548–3552.
Rataboul, P., Faucon-Biguet, N., Vernier, P., De Vitry, F., Boularand, S., Privat, A., and Mallet, J., 1988, Identification of a human GFAP cDNA: A tool for the molecular analysis of reactive gliosis in the mammalian CNS, J. Neurosci. Res. 20:165–175.
Rigby, P. W. J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C., and Berg, P., 1977, Labelling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I, J. Mol. Biol. 113:237–251.
Schlaepfer, W. W., and Zimmerman, V. J. P., 1981, Calcium mediated breakdown of glial filaments and neurofilaments in rat optic nerve and spinal cord, Neurochem. Res. 6:243–255.
Sivam, S. P., Strunck, C., Smith, D. R., and Hong, J. S., 1986, Proenkephalin-A gene regulation in the rat striatum: influence of lithium and haloperidol. Mol. Pharmacol. 30:186–191.
Smith, M. E., Perret, V., and Eng, L. F., 1984, Metabolic studies in vitro the CNS cytoskeletal proteins. synthesis and degradation, Neurochem. Res., 9: 1493–1507.
Steinert, P. M., Steven, A. C., and Roop, D. R., 1985, The molecular biology of intermediate filaments, Cell 42: 411–419.
Sternberger, I. A., 1979, “Immunocytochemistry”, 2nd ed., J. Wiley, ed., New-York, pp 104–170.
Strömberg, I., Björklund, H., Dahl, D., Jonsson, G., Sundström, E., and Olson, L., 1986, Astrocyte
responses to dopaminergic denervations by 6hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine as evidenced by glial fribrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, Brain Res. Bull. 17(2):225–236.
Tang, F., Costa, E., and Schwartz, J. P., 1983, Increase of proenkephalin mRNA and enkephalin content of rat striatum after daily injection of haloperidol for 2 to 3 weeks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3841–3844.
Vernier, P., Julien, J. F., Rataboul, P., Fourrier, O., Feuerstein, C., and Mallet, J., 1988, Similar time course changes in striatal levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase and proenkephaline mRNA following dopaminergic deafferentiation in the rat, J. Neurochem. 51: 1375–1380.
Weir, M. D., Patel, A. J., Hunt, A., and Thomas, D. G. T., 1984, Developmental changes in the amount of glial fibrillary acidic protein in three regions of the rat brain, Dev. Brain Res. 15:147–154.
Yoshikawa, K., Williams, C., and Sabol, S.L., 1984, Rat brain preproenkephalin mRNA: cDNA cloning, primary structure, and distribution in the central nervous system, J. Biol. Chem. 259:14301–14308.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rataboul, P., Vernier, P., Privat, A. (1990). Analysis of Glial Scarring in the Mammalian CNS with a GFAP cDNA Probe. In: Lauder, J.M., Privat, A., Giacobini, E., Timiras, P.S., Vernadakis, A. (eds) Molecular Aspects of Development and Aging of the Nervous System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 265. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5876-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5876-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5878-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5876-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive