Skip to main content

The Role of Dependency and Colonialism in Generating Trauma in First Nations Citizens

The James Bay Cree

  • Chapter
International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma

Part of the book series: The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping ((SSSO))

Abstract

Research on trauma among First Nations citizens has focused primarily upon the psychological aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The role of sociology in this area of research is different than that of psychology. This chapter elaborates upon a general sociological discussion of the legacy of colonialism and dependency and focus on the intergenerational effects of this trauma. Figure 1 illustrates the process by which the trauma is passed on, from the seed of colonialism to the outer layer, which represents the current traumatic events being experienced by First Nations citizens. The Cree of the James Bay region in Canada are utilized to describe this figure in more detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allahar, A. L. (1989). Sociology and the periphery: Theories and issues. Toronto: Garamond Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allahar, A. L. (1995). Sociology and the periphery: Theories and issues (2nd ed). Toronto: Garamond Press. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, S. (1989). La faillite du développement en Afrique et dans le Tiers-Monde. Paris: L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, D. (1984). The Crees and Naskapes of Quebec: Their socio-economic conditions. Direction des Communications du Governement du Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, T. R. (1985). Liberté fragile: Droits de la personne et dissidence au Canada. (1981). Ville de la Salle, Québec: Editions Hurtubise.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomstrom, M., & Hettne, B. (1984). Development theory in transition: The dependency debate and beyond: Third World responses. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, I. (Ed.). (1989). Human rights, development and foreign policy: Canadian perspectives. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Institute for Research on Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, D. E. R., & Bromley, R. (1988). South American development: A geographical introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, E (1991). Aboriginal self-determination. Winnipeg: Oolichan Books and the Institute for Research on Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, E, & Bish, R. L. (1990). Indian Government its meaning in practice. Halifax: Institute for Research on Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalk, E, & Jonassohn, K. (1990). The history and sociology of genocide: Analyses and case studies. London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance, N. A. (1970). Summary report: Developmental change among the Cree Indians of Quebec. Ottawa: Rural Development Branch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, W. (1980). A political economy of regionalism in Canada. In J. Harp & J. R. Hofley (Eds.), Structured inequality in Canada (pp. 268–284 ). Toronto: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, W (1983). Class, power and poverty. Toronto: Matthew Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cree Housing Corporation. (1980). Cree housing and infrastructure program: Five-year capital works program 1979–1984. Rupert House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, P. A., & Mickenberg, N. H. (Eds.). (1971). Native Rights in Canada ( 2nd ed. ). Toronto: Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada in association with General Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, E (1983). Indigenous cultural minorities: Concepts pertaining to their education. The education of minority groups - An enquiry into problems and practices of fifteen countries. Grower, Hampshire, UK: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delâge, D. (1989). L’alliance franco-amérindienne 1660–1701. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 19(1), 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delâge, D. (1991). Le Pays renversé: Amérindiens et Européens en Amérique du nord-est: 1600–1664. Quebec: Boréal, Compact.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demmert, W G. (1971). An American Indian view on education for indigenous minorities. The education of minority groups -An enquiry into problems and practices of fifteen countries. Grower, Hampshire, UK: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos, T. (1973). The structure of dependence. In C. K. Wilber (Ed.), The political economy of development and underdevelopment (pp. 15–37 ). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, A. (1992, February). The trouble of Great Whale. Equinox, 61, 28–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, D., & Morantz, T. (1983). Partners in furs: A history of the fur trade in eastern James Bay, 1600–1870. Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, G. A. (1973). Sociology of development and underdevelopment of sociology. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frideres, J. S. (1988). Native peoples in Canada: Contemporary conflicts. Scarborough, Canada: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, M. A. (1994). A Nation within a nation: Dependency and the Cree. Montreal: Black Rose Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • & Van der Gaag, J. (1990). Identifying the poor in developing countries: Do different definitions matter? World Development, 18 (6), 803–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. D. (1981). Is historical sociology of peripheral regions peripheral? Studies in Political Economy: A Socialist Review: Rethinking Canadian Political Economy, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, M. (1977). The development of underdevelopment: Why poor nations stay poor. New York: Simon & Schuster. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. (1981). Supplementary I: Briefing notes on the James Bay health crisis and epidemic. Ottawa, Canada: Ministry of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. (1982). James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement implementation review Ottawa, Canada: Ministry of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. (1990). Health of Indian women: Notes on socio-demographic conditions. Ottawa, Canada: Ministry of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janigan, M. (1992). Lonely cries of distrust: Anger and pain fuel Native claims. Maclean’s, 105(11), 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J. (1995). Landscapes of memory: Trauma, narrative and dissociation. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), The subject of memory (pp. 173–198 ). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J. (1996). Confusion of the senses: Implications of cultural variations in somatoform and dissociative disorders to PTSD. In A. J. Marsella, M. Friedman, E. Gerrity, & R. Scurfield (Eds.), Ethnocultural aspects of post-traumatic stress disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J., Young, A., & Hayton, B. C. (1995). The cultural context of anxiety disorders. The psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 503–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. (1968, March). Ecological factors in changing economy and social organization among the Rupert House Cree. Anthropology Papers National Museum of Canada, No. 15, Ottawa: Department of the Secretary of State.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson, S. M. (1997). Cross-cultural and multiethnic assessment of trauma. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 267–290 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson, S. M., Ackerson, L. M., Wiegman Dick, R., Baron, A. E., & Fleming, C. M. (1990). Depressive symptoms among American Indian adolescents: Psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson, S. M., Beals, J., O’Nell, T., Piaseki, J., Bechtold, D., Keane, E., & Jones, M. (1996). Wounded spirits, ailing hearts: PTSD and related disorders among American Indians. In A. J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, M. J. Friedman, E. T. Gerrity, & R. M. Scurfield (Eds.), Ethnocultural aspects ofposttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical applications (pp. 225–284). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson, S. M., & Shore, J. H. (1981). Psychiatric epidemiological research among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Methodological issues. White Cloud Journal, 2(2), 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, T. (1988). The spirit weeps: Characteristics and dynamics of incest and child sexual abuse. Edmonton, Canada: Nechi Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. (1982). Regional differences in Canada: Social versus economic interpretations. In D. Forcese & S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richer (Eds.), Social issues: Sociological views in Canada (pp. 82–123). Toronto: Prentice-Hall. McCutcheon, S. (1991). Electric rivers: The story of the James Bay Project. Montreal: Black Rose Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohawk Council of Akwesasne and Mohawk Council of Kahnawake. (1986). Declaration of intent on Mohawks selfgovernment, self-determination. Quebec: St-Regis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohawk, J. (1990). Indian economic development: The U.S. experience of an evolving Indian sovereignty. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neligh, G. (1988). Major mental disorders and behavior among American Indians and Alaska Natives. In S. M. Manson & N. G. Dinges (Eds.), Behavioral health issues among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Explorations on the frontiers of the biobehavioral sciences (pp. 116–159 ). Denver: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. D. (1984). Community control over health problems: Alcohol prohibition in a Canadian Inuit village. Circumpolar Health, 84, 340–343. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Circumpolar Health, edited by R. Fortune. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, J. D. (1986). Colonial stress in the Canadian Arctic: An ethnography of young adults changing. In C. R. Janes

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Stall, & S. M. Gifford (Eds.), Anthropology and epidemiology (pp. 249–274).

    Google Scholar 

  • Norwell, MA: D. Reidel. O’Neil, J. D. (1993). Aboriginal health policy for the next century. In Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Ed.), Path to healing (pp. 27–48). Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, T. (1989). Psychiatric investigations among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A critical review. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 13, 58–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, T., & Koester, S. K. (1993). Courage, excitement, unwanted sex and spiritual perils: A qualitative investigation of the costs and benefits of alcohol and drug use among American Indian adolescents. Denver: National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ontario Native Womens Association. (1989). Breaking free.: A proposal for change to Aboriginal family violence. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quantitative Analysis and Socio-Demographic Research. (1989). 1986 census highlights on registered Indians: Annotated tables. ( Department of Indian and Northern Development) Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, B. (1991). Strangers devour the land. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roxborough, I. (1983). Theories of underdevelopment. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacouman, J. R. (1981). The “peripheral” maritimes and Canada-wide Marxist political economy. Studies in Political Economy: A Socialist Review: Rethinking Canadian Political Economy, 6, 135–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, A. (1979). Bringing home animals: Religious ideology and mode of production of the Mistassini Cree hunters. Social and Economics Studies No. 23, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland. London: C. Hurst.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Program. (1990). United Nations development program: World development annual report. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Native Nations. (n.d.). After the ink dries: Will promises made be promises kept: Concerning James Bay Agreement Alaska Settlement, proposed CODE agreement. Vancouver, BC: Legal Services Society of British Columbia. Veltmeyer, H. (1978). The underdevelopment of Atlantic Canada. Review of Radical Political Economics, 10(2), 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. V. (1979). Quebec prehistory. National Museum of Man. Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • York, G., & Pindera, L. (1991). Peoples of the pines: The warriors and the legacy of Oka. Toronto: Little, Brown. York, G. (1990). The dispossessed: Life and death in Native Canada. London: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. (1995). Harmony of illusions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gagné, MA. (1998). The Role of Dependency and Colonialism in Generating Trauma in First Nations Citizens. In: Danieli, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3287-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5567-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics