Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to describe the effects of the Pol Pot trauma on two generations of Cambodians and their families. The time since the end of the Pol Pot era (1979) is still too short to document a second-generation effect, but we now have some data on the psychiatric effects this trauma has inflicted on young and old Cambodians, and the impact refugee status has had on Cambodian family life.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Becker, E. (1986). When the war was over. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Beiser, M. (1987). Changing time perspective and mental health among Southeast Asian refugees. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 11, 437–464.
Beiser, M., Turner, R. H., and Ganesan, S. (1989). Catastrophic stress and factors affecting its consequences among Southeast Asian refugees. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 183–195.
Boehnlein, J. K. (1987). Culture and society in posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 41, 519–530.
Boehnlein, J. K., Kinzie, J. D., Ben, R., and Fleck, J. (1985). One-year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 956–959.
Boehnlein, J. K., Tran, H. D., Riley, C., Vu, K., Tan, S., and Leung, P. K. (1995). A comparative study of family functioning among Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 183, 510–515.
Bromet, E. J., Hough, L., and Connell, M. (1984). Mental health of children near the Three Mile Island reactor. Journal of Preventive Psychiatry, 2, 275–301.
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from holocaust survivors and their children. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Dollinger, S. J., O’Donnell, J. P., and Staley, A A. (1984). Lightning-strike disaster: Effects on children’s fears and worries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1028–1038.
Freud, A., and Burlingham, D. (1943). Children and war. New York: Ernst Willard.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Green, B. L., Karol, M., and Grace, M. C. (1994). Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945–951.
Green, B., L., Karol, M., Grace, M., Vary, G., Leonard, H., Glesser, G., and Smitson-Cohen, S. (1991). Children and disaster: Age, gender, parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945–951.
Hauff, E., and Vaglum, P. (1995). Organized violence and the stress of exile: Predictors of mental health in a community cohort of Vietnamese refugees three years after settlement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 360–367.
Hawk, D. (1982). The killing of Cambodia. New Republic, 187, 17–21.
Heller, D. (1982). Themes of culture and ancestry among children of concentration camp survivors. Psychiatry 45, 247–261.
Kinzie, J. D. (1988). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian refugees. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, and B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress. New York: Plenum Press.
Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L., Riley, C., and Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 913–917.
Kinzie, J. D., Fredrickson, R. H., Ben, R., Fleck, J., and Karls, W. (1984). Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 645–650.
Kinzie, J. D., Leung, E, Bui, A., Ben, R., Keopraseuth, K. O., Riley, C., Fleck, J., and Ades, M. (1988). Group therapy with Southeast Asian refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 24, 157–166.
Kinzie, J. D., and Manson, S. M. (1983). Five years’ experience with Indochinese refugee patients. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 14, 105–111.
Kinzie, J. D., Sack, W. H., Angell, R. fi., Manson, S., and Ben, R. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I. The children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 370–376.
Nguyen, N. A., and Williams, H. L. (1989). Transitions from East to West: Vietnamese adolescents and their parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 505–515.
Puig-Antich, J. (1983). A report on the KIDDIE-SADS (K-SADS). Paper presented at the research forum of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA.
Puig-Antich, J., Orvaschel H., Tabrinzi, M. A., and Chambers, W. (1980). The Schedule ofAffective Disorders and Schizophrenia, for School-Age Children—Epidemiologic version (KIDDIE-SADS). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute and Yale University School of Medicine.
Sack, W. H., Angell, R., Kinzie, J. D., and Rath, B. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: II. The family, the home, and the school. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25 (3), 377–383.
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lantham, K., and Kinzie, J. D. (1993). A six-year follow up of Cambodian youth traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 431–437.
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N., Kinney, R., Belestos, G., Him, C. D., and Seeley, J. (1995). The Khmer adolescent project: II. Functional capacities in two generations of Cambodian refugees. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 183, 177–181.
Sack, W. H., McSharry, S., Clarke, G. N., Kinney, R., Seeley, J., and Lewinsohn, P. (1994). The Khmer adolescent project: I. Epidemiologic findings in two generations of Cambodian refugees. Journal ofNervous Mental Disorders, 182, 387–395.
Weiner, Z., Reich W, Herjanic, B., Jung, K. G., and Amado, H. (1987). Reliability, validity, and parent–child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). American Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26 (5), 649–653.
Zadrozny, M. G. (Ed.). (1955). Area handbook on Cambodia. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kinzie, J.D., Boehnlein, J., Sack, W.H. (1998). The Effects of Massive Trauma on Cambodian Parents and Children. In: Danieli, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3287-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5567-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive