Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychosocial Characteristics of Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders

  • Chapter
Handbook of Psychosocial Characteristics of Exceptional Children

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Human Exceptionality ((SSHE))

Abstract

The concept of pervasive development disorder (PDD) evolved from a recognition that there exists a continuum of autistic features and that some children may not have the breadth or severity of symptoms sufficient to justify a diagnosis of autism (Wing & Gould, 1979). Various labels were used in clinical practice, such as autistic-like and developmental delay with autistic features, but the vague nature of the diagnosis was unsatisfactory (Dahl, Cohen, & Provence, 1986). In the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (dsm-iii; American Psychiatric Association, 1980), these children were identified as atypical pdd and childhood-onset pdd and in dsm-iii-r (American Psychiatric Association, 1987), they were collected under the general term of pdd not otherwise specified (pdd-nos). Nonautism pdd was further separated by dsm-iv (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (icd-10; World Health Organization, 1992) into Asperger disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder (cdd), and pdd-nos. Common to all children with forms of pdd are core impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication skills and reciprocal social interactions and a pattern of repetitive and/or stereotyped behaviors and interests. These diagnostic groups are differentiated by the number and/or type of symptoms present and the natural history of these symptoms’ evolution over time. In particular, Rett disorder and cdd are strikingly dissimilar to classic autism. Each of these forms of nonautism pdd is worthy of separate discussion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 3rd ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, D. D. (1995). The neuropathology of Rett Syndrome—Overview 1994. Neuropediatrics, 26,100–104. Aron, M. (1990). The use and effectiveness of elbow splints in the Rett syndrome. Brain and Development, 12, 162–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asperger, H. (1944). Die “Autistischen Psychopathen” im Kindesalter. Archiv fĂĽr Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76–136. Reprinted in U. Frith (Ed.) (1991) Autism and Asperger syndrome (pp. 37–92 ). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. (1989). Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome and pragmatic semantic disorder: Where are the boundaries? British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24, 107–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budden, S. S. (1995). Management of Rett Syndrome: A ten year experience. Neuropediatrics, 26, 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burd, L. (1987). A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 700–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burd, L., Fisher, W., and Kerbeshian, J. (1989). Pervasive disintegrative disorder: Are Rett Syndrome and Heller dementia infantile subtypes? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 609–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christen, H. J., and Hanefeld, F. (1995). Male Rett variant. Neuropediatrics, 26, 81–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M. (1990). Is classical Rett Syndrome ever present in males? Brain and Development, 12, 31–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M., Brubaker, J., Hunter, K., and Smith, G. (1988). Rett Syndrome: A survey of North American patients. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 32, 117–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J. (1987). Development disintegration and dementia. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 349–356.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, E. K., Cohen, D. J., and Provence, S. (1986). Clinical and multivariate approaches to the nosology of pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 170–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., and Osterling, J. (1997). Early intervention in autism. In G. Dawson and J. Osterling (Eds.), Effectiveness of early intervention (pp. 307–326 ). Baltimore, MD: Brooks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnellan, A. M., Mirenda, P. L., Mesaros, R. A., and Fassbender, L. L. (1984). Analysing the communicative functions of aberrant behavior. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 9, 201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eeg-Olafsson, O., Al-Zunair, A. G. H., and Teebi, A. S. (1990). A boy with Ren Syndrome. Brain and Development, 12, 529–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans-Jones, L. G., and Rosenbloom, L. (1978). Disintegrative psychosis in childhood. Developmental Medicine and Child Neumlogy, 20, 462–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, J., Bartolucci, G., Szatmari, P., and Ginsberg, G. (1994). Cohesive discourse in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 315–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontanesi, J., and Haas, R. H. (1988). Cognitive profile of Rett Syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 3 (Suppl.), 520–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (1986). Autism and the Rett Syndrome: Some notes on differential diagnosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 127–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (1987). Autistic symptoms in Rett Syndrome: The first two years according to mother reports. Brain and Development, 9, 499–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (1989). Asperger Syndrome in 23 Swedish children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 81, 520–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (1991). Outcome in autism and autistic-like conditions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 375–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (1994). Debate and argument: Having Rett Syndrome in the ICD-10 PDD category does not make sense. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 377–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glaze, D. G. (1995). The challenge of Rett Syndrome. Neuropediatrics, 26, 78–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodship, S. (1990). Games and play in the Rett Syndrome. Brain and Development, 12, 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., and Hill, K. (1996). Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief, or pretence? Development and Psychopathology, 8, 345–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, B. A. (1989). Rett Syndrome: Clinical peculiarities, diagnostic approach, and possible cause. Pediatric Neurology, 5, 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, B. (1993). Rett Syndrome-Clinical and biological aspects. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, 127, London: MacKeith Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, B. (1995). Rett Syndrome: Clinical peculiarities and biological mysteries. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 84, 971–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, B., Aicardi, J., Dias, K., and Ramos, O. (1983). A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett Syndrome: Report of 35 cases. Annals of Neurology, 14, 471–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, B., and Witt-Engerström, I. (1986). Rett Syndrome: A suggested staging system for describing impairment profile with increasing age towards adolescence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24, 47–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, S. B. (1986). The role of therapy in Rett Syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 247–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Happe, E G. E. (1994). Current psychological theories of autism: The “Theory of Mind” account and rival theories. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 215–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, T. (1908). Ăśber Dementia infantile: Verblödungspozess im Kindesalter. Zeitschriftfiir die Erforschung und Begandlung des Jugendlichen Schwachsinns, 2, 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, V. (1986). Physical growth and development in patients with Rett Syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, K. (1987). Rett Syndrome: Parents’ views about specific symptoms. Brain and Development, 9, 535–538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International Rett Syndrome Association. (1988). Suggestions for educational and therapeutic interventions with the Rett Syndrome child. Fort Washington, MD: International Rett Syndrome Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Rett Syndrome Association. (1990). Parent idea book: Managing Rett Syndrome. Fort Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • MD: International Ren Syndrome Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Willis, K. D., Gamache, T. B., and Hyman, S. L. (1986). Operant conditioning studies of self-injurious hand biting in the Ren Syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 157–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iyama, C. H. (1993). Rett Syndrome. Advances in Pediatrics, 40, 217–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, A. M. (1995). Early clinical signs in the Rett disorder. Neuropediatrics, 26, 67–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., and Rourke, B. P. (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1127–1140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozinetz, C. A. Skender, M. L., MacNaughton, N., Almes, M. J., Schultz, R. J., Percy, A. K., and Glaze, D. G. (1993). Epidemiology of Rett Syndrome: A population-based registry. Pediatrics, 91, 445–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubas, E. (1991). Use of splints to develop hand skills in a woman with Rett Syndrome. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 364–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurita, H. (1985). Infantile autism with speech loss before the age of thirty months. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 191–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurita, H. (1988). The concept and nosology of Heller’s syndrome: Review of articles and report of two cases. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 42, 785–793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurita, H., Kita, M., and Miyake, Y. (1992). A comparative study of development and symptoms among disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism with and without speech loss. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disdorders, 22, 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb-Lundel, C. (1988). The therapist’s role in the management of girls with Rett Syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 3 (Suppl.), S31 - S34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, J. E., Szatmari, P., Jones, M. B., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., Bartolucci, G., and Tuff, L. (in press). Familial factors influence the severity of pervasive developmental disorder: Evidence for possible genetic heterogeneity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, W. J., Szatmari, P., MacLean, J. E., Bryson, S. E., Bartolucci, G., Walter, S. D., Jones, M. B., and Zwaigenbaum, L. (1998). Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manjiviona, J., and Prior, M. (1995). Comparison of Asperger Syndrome and high functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 23–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougle, C. J., Price, L. H., and Volkmar, F. R. (1994). Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of autism and related conditions. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic of North America, 3, 71–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. N., and Ozonoff, S. (1997). Did Asperger’s cases have Asperger disorder? A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(2), 247–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minshew, N. J., Pettegrew, J. W., Panchalingam, K., Dombrowski, S. M., and Goldstein, G. (1993). A preliminary 31P MRS study of autism: Evidence for undersynthesis and increased degradation of brain membrane. Biology Psychiatry, 33, (11–12), 762–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naganuma, G. M., and Billingsley, F. F. (1988). Effect of hand splints on stereotypic hand behavior of three girls with Rett Syndrome. Physical Therapy, 68, 664–671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidu, S. (1997). Rett Syndrome: A disorder affecting early brain growth. Annals of Neurology, 43, 3–10. Naidu, S., Murphy, M., Moser, H. W., and Rett, A. (1986). Rett Syndrome: Natural history in 70 cases. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidu, S., Hyman, S., Harris, E. L., Narayanan, V., Johns, D., and Castora, F. (1995). Rett Syndrome studies of natural history and search for a genetic marker. Neuropediatrics, 26, 63–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C., Murphy, G., Crayton, L., and Corbett, J. (1993). Self-injurious behaviour in Rett Syndrome: Interactions between features of Rett Syndrome and operant conditioning. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 91–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, B., and Rett, A. (1985). Behavioural observations concerning differential diagnosis between the Rett Syndrome and autism. Brain and Development, 7, 281–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, B., and Rett, A. (1987a). Autism and Rett Syndrome: Behavioural investigations and differential diagnosis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 29, 429–441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, B., and Rett, A. (1987b). A review of the Reif Syndrome with a theory of autism. Brain and Development, 12, 11–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B., and Rogers, S. (1991). Executive function of deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory, of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 1081–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A. (1991). Rett Syndrome: A comprehensive review of the literature. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 96, 275–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A., Sarlo-McGarvey, N., and Haddad, C. (1991). Brief report: Cognitive and adaptive functioning in 28 girls with Rett Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 551–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A., Sarlo-McGarvey, N., and Factor, D. C. (1992). Stress and family functioning in parents of girls with Rett Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 235–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philippart, M. (1990). The Rett Syndrome in males. Brain and Development, 12, 33–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piazza, C. C., Anderson, C., and Fisher, W. (1993). Teaching self-feeding skills to patients with Rett Syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 35, 991–996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, M., Perry, D., and Gajzago, C. (1975). Kanner’s syndrome or early onset psychosis: A taxonomic analysis of 142 cases. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 71–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L. (1986). Preschool psychiatric disorders: Diagnostic classification and symptom patterns. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 162–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L. A. (1988). Cluster analytic identification of autistic preschoolers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 475–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rett, A. (1966). Ăśber ein eigenartiges hirnatrophisches Syndrom bei Hyperammonamie im Kindesalter. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 116, 723–738.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rett, A. (1977). A cerebral atrophy associated with hyperanunonaemia. In P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 29, pp. 305–329). Amsterdam: North Holland. The Rett Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria Work Group (1988). Diagnostic criteria for Rett syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 23, 425–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1985). Infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. In M. Rutter and L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry-Modern approaches (pp. 545–566 ). London: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1994). Debate and argument: There are connections between brain and mind and it is important that Rett Syndrome be classified somewhere. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 379–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sansom, D., Krishnan, V. H. R., Corbett, J., and Kerr, A. (1993). Emotional and behavioural aspects of Rett Syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 35, 340–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E. (1996). Are autism or Asperger Syndrome different labels or different disabilities? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 109–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, P. A., and Ottenbacher, K. J. (1988). Use of an elbow restraint to improve finger-feeding skills in a child with Rett Syndrome. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 328–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, B., Anders, T. F., Ciaranello, R. D., Bienenstock, B., and Kraemer, H. C. (1986). Empirically derived subclassification of the autistic syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 275–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J., Minshew, N. J., and Goldstein, S. (1996). Weschler IQ profiles in diagnosis of high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 389–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. (1987). The care of our children in everyday life. Brain and Development, 7, 550–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, P. S., and Cordisco, L. K. (1994). LEAP preschool. In S. L. Harris and J. S. Handleman (Eds.), Preschool education programs for children with autism (pp. 225–244 ). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, J. M., Rapp, N., Domina, W., and Strain, P. S. (1988). Randomized trial of methylphenidate for an autistic

    Google Scholar 

  • child. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,27, 244–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. W., Laverick, D. H., and Lewis, M. (1995). Brief report: Fostering environmental control in a young

    Google Scholar 

  • child with Rett Syndrome: A case study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, R (1997). Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), DSM-1V source book (Vol. 3, pp. 43–54 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, R, Bartolucci, G., Bremner, R., and Bond, S. (1989a). A follow-up of high-functioning autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 213–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, R, Bartolucci, G., and Bremner, R. (1989b). Asperger’s Syndrome and autism: Comparisons on early history and outcome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 709–720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, R, Offord, D. R., Siegel, L., and Finlayson, M. A. J. (1990). The clinical significance of neurocognitive impairments in children with psychiatric disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 287–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, R, Archer, L., Fisman, s., Streiner, D. L., and Wilson, F. (1995). Asperger’s Syndrome and autism: Differences in behavior, cognition and adaptive functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(12), 1662–1670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Towbin, K. E., Dykans, E. D., Pearson, G. S., and Cohen, D. J. (1993). Conceptualizing “borderline syndrome of childhood” and “childhood schizophrenia” as a developmental disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32 (4), 775–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, L. Y. (1992). Is Rett Syndrome a subtype of pervasive developmental disorders? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 551–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuten, H., and Miedaner, J. (1989). Effect of hand splints on stereotypic hand behavior of girls with Rett Syndrome: A replication study. Physical Therapy, 69, 1099–1103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vol lunar, F. R. (1992). Childhood disintegrative disorder: Issues for DSM-IV. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 625–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmar, F. R., and Cohen, D. J. (1989). Disintegrative disorder or “late onset” autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 717–724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmar, F. R., and Rutter, M. (1995). Childhood disintegrative disorder: Results of the DSM-1V Autism Field Trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1092–1095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmar, F. R., Cohen, D. J., Hoshino, Y., Rende, R. D., and Paul, R. (1988). Phenomenology and classification of the childhood psychoses. Psychological Medicine, 18, 91–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., Marens, W., and Cohen, D. J. (1997). Childhood disintegrative disorder. In D. J. Cohen and F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 47–59 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Tetzchner, S., Jacobsen, K. H., Smith, L., Skjeldal, A. H., Heiberg, A., and Fagon, J. F. (1996). Vision, cognition and developmental characteristics of girls and women with Rett Syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 212–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasacky, A. (1986). Music therapy for children with Rett Syndrome. American Journal of Medicine Genetics, 24 (Suppl. 1), 253–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. (1981). Asperger’s syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 1 (1), 115–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L., and Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,9, 11–29. Witt-Engerström, I. (1992). Rett Syndrome: The late infantile regression period—A retrospective analysis of 91 cases. Acta Paediatrica, 81,167–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witt-Engerström, I., and Hagberg, B. (1990). The Rett Syndrome: Gross motor disability and neural impairment in adults. Brain, 12, 23–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodyatt, G., and Ozanne, A. (1992). Communication abilities and Rett Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 155–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1977). The international classification of diseases and related health problems ( 9th ed. ). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). The international classification of diseases and related health problems ( 10th ed. ). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaigenbaum, L., Szatmari, P., MacLean, J. E., Bryson, S. E., Tuff, L., Mahoney, W. J., and Bartolucci, G. ( 1997, September). Asperger syndrome, high functioning autism, and discrepancies between verbal and non-verbal reasoning. Paper presented at the 15th annual scientific meeting of the Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Studies of Children at Risk, Chedoke McMaster Hospital, Hamiton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada

    Lonnie Zwaigenbaum & Peter Szatmari

Authors
  1. Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Szatmari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 0X1, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

    Vicki L. Schwean  & Donald H. Saklofske  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zwaigenbaum, L., Szatmari, P. (1999). Psychosocial Characteristics of Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. In: Schwean, V.L., Saklofske, D.H. (eds) Handbook of Psychosocial Characteristics of Exceptional Children. Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5375-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5375-2_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3309-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5375-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation