Abstract
The author has chosen to discuss water reducing admixtures (WRAs) first because their volume of use in concrete is the largest of the chemical admixtures . This class of chemical admixtures permits the use of less water to obtain the same slump (a measure of consistency or workability), or the attainment of a higher slump, at a given water content, or the use of less portland cement to realize the same compressive strength. Their effects on the physical properties are specified in ASTM C494 [1]. The theoretical water-cement ratio ranges from 0.27 to 0.32, depending upon the composition of the portland cement and the individual doing the theoretical calculations. The amount of water in excess of this ratio is often called “water of convenience,” in that it makes it more convenient to mix, transport, place, and finish the concrete.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ASTM C494, “Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02, pp. 245–252 (1988).
Blank, B. , Rossington, D. R. , Weinland, L. A. , “Adsorption of Admixtures on Portland Cement,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 46, No. 8, pp. 395–399 (1963).
Mark, J. G., “Concrete and Hydraulic Cement,” U. S. Patent, No. 2,141,570, Dec. 17 (1938).
Scripture, E. W., “Cement Mix,” U. S. Patent, No. 2,169,980, Aug. 15 (1939).
Tucker, G. R., “Amine Salts of Aromatic Sulfonic Acids,” U. S. Patent, No. 2,052,586, Sept. (1936).
Dodson, V. H., Hayden, T. D. , “Another look at the Portland Cement/Chemical Admixture Incompatibility Problem,” Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, CCAGDP, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 52–56, Summer (1989) .
Manabe, T. , Kawada, N., “Abnormal Setting of Cement Paste Owing to Calcium Lignosulfonate,” Semento Konkurito, No. 162, pp. 24–27 (1960).
ASTM C359, “Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Portland Cement (Mortar Method),” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01, pp. 270–273 (1986) .
Hansen, W. C. , Hunt, J. D. , “The Use of Natural Anhydrite in Portland Cement,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 161 pg. 50–58 (1949).
ASTM C157, “Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02, pp. 97–101 (1988).
Kalousek, G. L. , Jumper, C. H. , Tregoning, J. J. , “Composition and Physical Properties of Aqueous Extracts from Portland Cement Clinker Pastes Containing Added Materials,” Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 30, pp. 215–225 (1943) .
Odler, I. , Becker, T. , “The Effect of Some Liquifying Agents on Properties and Hydration of Portland Cement and Tricalcium Silicate Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 10, pp. 321–331 (1980).
Sakai, E. , Raina, K., Asaga, K. , Goto, S. , Kondo, R. , “Influence of Sodium Aromatic Sulfonates on the Hydration of Tricalcium Aluminate With or Without Gypsum,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 10, pp. 311–319 (1980) .
Ramachandran, V. S. , “Adsorption and Hydration Behavior of Tricalcium Aluminate-Water and Tricalcium Aluminate-Gypsum-Water Systems in the Presence of Superplasticizers,” Journal of American Concrete Institute, pp. 235–241 (1983).
Bruere, G. M., “Importance of Mixing Sequence When Using Set-Retarding Agents with Portland Cement,” Nature, Vol. 199, pp. 32 (1963).
Dodson, V. H. , Farkas, E. , “Delayed Addition of Set Retarding Admixtures to Portland Cement Concrete,” Proceedings, American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 64, pp. 816–826 (1965).
Dodson, V. H. , “History of Darex Admixtures,” Construction Products Div., W. R. Grace & Co . , In-house Publication, pp. 2–3 (1986) .
Burnett, I., “High Strength Concrete in Melbourne, Australia,” Concrete International, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 17–25 (1989) .
ACI Committee 439, “Uses and Limitations of High Strength Steel Reinforcement,” American Concrete Institute, R-73, (1973) .
Smith, G. L., Rad, F. N., “Economic Advantages of High-Strength Concretes in Columns,” Concrete International, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 37–43 (1989).
Madderom, F. M. , “Excess Water Can Be a Costly Ingredient in Concrete,” Concrete Construction, pg. 340 (1980) .
Basile, F. , Biagini, S. , Ferrari, G. , Collepardi, M. , “Effect of the Gypsum State in Industrial Cements on the Action of Superplasticizers,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 715–722, Sept. (1987).
ASTM C143, “Standard Test Method for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02, pp. 85–86 (1988).
Ravina, D. , Mor, A. , “Consistency of Concrete Mixes-Effects of Superplasticizers,” Concrete International, pp. 53–55 July (1986).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dodson, V.H. (1990). Water Reducing Chemical Admixtures. In: Concrete Admixtures. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4843-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4843-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4845-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4843-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive