Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurologic Intensive Care

  • Chapter
Pediatric Neurosurgery

Abstract

Intensive care units represent a natural and expected extension in the care of critically ill patients who require close medical and nursing observation because of rapidly changing physiological variables or are in need of advanced monitoring. At present, neurologic intensive care units (NICU) are limited to medical centers with adequate radiological support, including computed transmission tomography, and neurophysiological monitoring facilities such as EEG and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sevit S: Fatal road accidents in Birmingham and their cause. Injury 4: 281, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bruce DA, Raphaely RC, Goldberg AI, Zimmerman RA, et al: The pathophysiology, treatment and outcome following severe head injuries in children. Child Brain 5: 174, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Judson JA: Nonoperative treatment of severe head injuries: The Aukland Experience. In Turbuhovich RV (ed): Management of Acute Intracranial Disasters. Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, p 174.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jennet B, Teasdale G, Braakman R, et al: Predicting the outcome in individual patients after severe head injury. Lancet 1: 1031, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Overgaard J, Christensen S, Hvid-Hansen O, et al: Prognosis after head injury based on early clinical examination. Lancet 2: 631, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Teasdale G, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness-A practical guide. Lancet 2: 18, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Froman MB, Crampton-Smith AC: Hyperventilation associated with low pH of the cerebrospinal fluid after intracranial hemorrhage. Lancet 1: 780, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gordon E, Rossanda M: The importance of cerebrospinal acid-base status in the treatment of unconscious patients with brain lesions. Acta Anaesth Scand 12: 51, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Burney RG, Winn R: Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure during laryngoscopy and intubation for induction of anesthesia. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 54: 687, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Laver MB, Loenstein E: Lung function following trauma in man. Clin Neurosurg 19: 133, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Markello R, Schuder R, Border J: Arterial-alveolar N2 differences documenting ventilation perfusion mismatching following trauma. J Trauma 14: 423, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brueggemann MW, Loudon RG, Mc-Laurin RL: Pulmonary compliance changes after experimental head injury. J Trauma 16: 16, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ramachandran PR, Fairly HB: Changes in functional residual capacity during respiratory failure. Can Anaesth Soc J 17: 359, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Powers SR, Mannal R, Neclerio M, et al: Physiologic consequences of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on ventilation. Ann Surg 178: 265, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Aidinis SJ, Lafferty J, Shapiro HM: Intracranial response to PEEP. Anesthesiology 45: 275, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Frost EAM: Effects of positive end expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and compliance in brain-injured patients. J Neurosurgery 47: 195, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ducker TB, Simmons RL, Martin AM: Pulmonary edema as a complication of intracranial disease. Am J Dis Child 118: 638, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Baker AB: Poliomylitis 16: A study of pulmonary edema. Neurology 7: 743, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ducker TB, Simmons RL: Increased intracranial pressure and pulmonary edema. II. The hemodynamic response of dogs and monkeys to increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurgery 28: 118, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Huttenlocher PR: The comatose child. In Vaughan VC III, McKay RJ (eds): Nelson’s Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1975, p 1410.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Baird DR, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM: Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet 2: 1344, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Montes JE, Conn AW: Near drowning: An unusual case. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 172, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Conn AW, Montes JE, Barker JE, Edmonds JF: Cerebral salvage in near drowning following neurological classification by triage. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 201, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Modell JH, Graves SA, Kuck EJ: “Near drowning.” Correlation of level of consciousness with survival. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 211, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Aicardi J Chevril JJ: Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. A study of 239 cases. Epilepsia 11: 187, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Leech P, Barker J, Fitch W: Changes in intracranial pressure during the termination of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 46: 316, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jorgensen PB, Misfeldt BB: Intracranial pressure during recovery from nitrous oxide and halothane anaesthesia in neurosurgical patients. Br J Anaesth 47: 977, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of physical status. Amendment by the house of delegates of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 24: 111, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Shapiro HM: Intracranial hypertension: Therapeutic and anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology 43: 445, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kirkendall WM, Burton AC, Epstein FH, et al: Recommendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers. American Heart Association, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cliffe P: Transducers for measurement of pressure. In Scurr C, Feldman S (eds): Scientific foundations of anaesthesia. London, William Heinemann Medical Books, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Moss AJ, Leibling W, Adams FH: Flush method for determining blood pressure in the first year of life. Pediatrics 21: 950, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hernandez A, Goldring D, Hostmann AF: Measurement of blood pressure in infants and children by the doppler ultrasonic technique. Pediatrics 48: 788, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Allen EV: Throboangitis oblitrans: Methods of diagnosis of occlusive arterial lesions distal to the wrist with illustrative cases. Am J Med Sci 178, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Civetta JM, Gabel JC, Laver MB: Disparate ventricular function in surgical patients. Surg Forum 22: 136, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nunn JF, Freeman J: Problems of oxygenation and oxygen transport during haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 19: 206, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. McConn R: The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in acute disease. Surg Clin NA 55: 627, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Quist J, Pontoppidan H, Wilson RS et al: Hemodynamic response to mechanical ventilation with PEEP, the effect of hypervolemia. Anesthesiology 42: 45, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kumar A, Pontoppidan H, Baratz RA et al: Inappropriate response to increased plasma ADH during mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Anesthesiology 40: 215, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Carter NW, Rector FC, Seldin DW: Hyponatremia in cerebral disease resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. N Engl J Med 264: 67, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Becker RM, Daniel RK: Increased antidiuretic hormone production after trauma to the craniofacial complex. J Trauma 13: 112, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mangos JA, Lobeck CC: Studies of sustained hyponatremia due to central nervous system infection. Pediatrics 34: 503, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rivot RL, Sigler MH: Hyponatremia with herpes simplex encephalitis: Possible relationship of limbic lesions and ADH secretion. Arch Neurol 10: 595, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Joynt RL, Afifi A, Harison J: Hyponatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 13: 633, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. King LR, Knowles HC, McLaurin RL, Lewis HP: Glucose tolerance and plasma insulin in cranial trauma. Ann Surg 137: 337, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. McLaurin RL, King LR: Recognition and treatment of metabolic disorders after head injuries. Clin Neurosurg 19: 281, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Attar S, Boyd D, Layne E, et al.: Alteration in coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanisms in acute trauma. J Trauma 9: 39, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Innes D, Scvitt S: Coagulation and fibrinolysis in injured patients. J Clin Pathol 17: 1, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sevitt S: The boundaries between physiology, pathology and irreversibility after injury. Lancet 2: 1203, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Keimowitz RM, Annis BL: Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with massive brain injury. J Neurosurg 39: 178, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Minna JD, Robboy SJ, Colman RW: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Man. Charles C Thomas, Springfield Il, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Colman RW, Robboy SJ: Postoperative disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis. Urol Clin North Am 3: 379, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pitney WR: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Sem Haematol 8: 65, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bryan-Brown CW, Savitz MN, Elwyn DH, et al: Cerebral edema nonresponsive to conventional therapy in neurosurgical patients with unsuspected nutritional failure. Crit Care Med 1: 1125, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cuthbertson DP, Tilstone WJ: Metabolism in the post injury period In Bodansky O, Stewart CP (eds): Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Owen JA: Role of endocrine changes in the plasma protein response to injury. In Bodansky O, Stewart CP (eds): Advances in Clinical Chemistry Academic Press, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lee HA: Fluid balance and parenteral feeding. In Gray C, Nunn, Utting JE (eds): General Anaesthesia. London, Butterworths, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Caronna JJ, Leigh J, Show D, et al: The outcome of medical coma: Prediction by bedside assessment of physical signs. Am Ncurol Ass 32: 349, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Marsh ML, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM: Neurosurgical intensive care. Anesthesiology 47: 149, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jennett B, Teasdale G, Galbsaith S, et al.: Severe head injury in three countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40: 291, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bates D, Caronna JJ, Cartildge NEF et al: A prospective study of nontraumatic coma: Methods and results in 310 patients. Ann Neurol 2: 211, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Trojaborg W, Boysen G: Relation between EEG, regionalcerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 34: 61, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Coons RE, Keats AS, Cooley DA: Significance of d eetroencephalographic changes occurring during cardiopulmonary by-pass. Anesthesiology 20: 804, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hughes J: Limitations of the EEG in the diagnosis of brain death. In Korein J (ed): Brain death, interrelated medical and social issues. Ann NY Acad Sci 315:121, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Prior PF: the EEG in acute cerebral anoxia. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bickford RG, Billinger TW, Fleming RA, et al: The compressed spectral array (CSA): A pictorial EEG. Proc San Diego Biomed Suppl 11: 365, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fleming RA, Smith N Ty: On line representation of three variable data. Proc San Diego Biomed Suppl 13: 199, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bleyaert A, Safar P, Nemoto RM, Stezoski SW: Blood pressure control after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 6: 92, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Katzman R, Clasen R, Klatzo I, Meyer JS, et al: Brain edema in stroke. Stroke 8: 512, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kovach AG, Sandor P: Cerebral blood flow and brain function during hypotension and shock. Ann Rev Physiol 38: 571, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cotrell JE, Patel K, Tundorf H, RansohoffJ: Intracranial pressure changes induced by sodium nitroprusside in patients with intracranial mass lesions. J Neurosurg 48: 329, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Lundberg N, Kjallquist A, Bien C: Reduction of increased intracranial pressure by hyperventilation. A therapeutic aid in neurological surgery. Acta Psychiatr Scand (suppl) 139: 1, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Katsurada K, Sugimoto T, Ouji Y: Significance of cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate ions in the management of patients with cerebral injury. J Trauma 9: 799, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gordon E, Rossanda M: Further studies on cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status in patients with brain lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 14: 97, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Brock M, Hadjidimos AA, Schurmann K: Possible adverse effect of hyperventilation on rCBF during the acute phase of total proximal occlusion. In Brock C, Fieschhi, Ingvar DH (eds): Cerebral Blood Flow. Berlin, Springer, 1969, p 254.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Jannes HE, Langfitt TW, Kumar VS: Analysis of the response of therapeutic measures to reduce intracranial pressure in head injured patients. J Trauma 16: 437, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Lassen NA, Christansen MS: Physiology of cerebral blood flow. Br J Anaesth 48: 719, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Escuret E, Roquefeuil B, Frerebeu P et al: Effect of hyperventilation associated with administration of central nervous depressants in brain injuries. In Ingvar DH, Lassen NA (eds): Cerebral Function, Metabolism and Circulation. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1977, p 154.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Carlesson A, Lindqvist M: Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 20: 140, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Bleyeart A, Safar P, Stezoski W, et al: Amelioration of post ischemic brain damage in the monkey by immobilization and controlled ventilation. Crit Care Med 6: 112, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Classen RA, Pandolfi S, Laring J, et al: Experimental study of relation of fever to cerebral edema. J Neurosurg 41: 567, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Siebke H, Rod T, Breivik H, et al: Survival after 40 minutes submersion without cerebral sequelae. Lancet 1: 1275, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Albin MS: Resuscitation of the spinal cord. Crit Care Med 6: 270, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Miller HD, Leech P: Effects of mannitol and steroid therapy on intracranial volume-pressure relationship in patients with cerebral edema. J Neurosurg 42: 274, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Leiberman A, Brun VL, Glass P, et al: Use of high dose corticosteroids in patients with inoperable brain tumors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40: 678, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Demopoulos HB, Milvy P, Kakari S, Ransohoff J: Molecular aspects of membrane structure in cerebral edema. In Reulen HJ, Schurmann K (eds): Steroids and Brain Edema. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Martins AN, Ramirez A, Soloman LS, Wiese GM: The effect of dexamethasone on the rate of formation of cerebrospinal fluid in the monkey. J Neurosurg 41: 550, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bell WE, McCormick WF: Increased intracranial pressure in children. In Schaffer AJ, Markowitz M (eds): Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1978, p 23.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pappius HM, Dayes LA: Hypertonic urea: Its effects on the distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and edematous tissue. Arch Neurol (Chicago) 13: 395, 1965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Marshall LF, Smith RW, Rauscher LA, Shapiro HM: Mannitol dose requirement in brain injured patients. J Neurosurg 48: 169, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Cantore G, Guidetti B, Virno M: Oral glycerol for the reduction of intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 21: 278, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hagnvik K, Gordon E, Lins L, et al: Glycerol-induced hemolysis with hemoglobinuria and acute renal failure. Lancet 1: 75, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Clasen RA, Pandofli S, Casey D: Furosemide pentobarbital in cryogenic cerebral injury and edema. Neurology (Minneap) 24: 642, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cotrell JE, Robustelli A, Post K, Turndorf H: Furosemide and mannitol-induced changes in serum osmolality and electrolytes. Anesthesiology 47: 28, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Goldstein A, Wells BA, Keats AS: Increased tolerance to cerebral anoxia by pentobarbital. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 161: 138, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Yatsu FM, Diamond I, Gwazina C, et al: Experimental brain ischemia, protection from irreversible damage with rapid-acting barbiturate (methohexital). Stroke 3: 726, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bleyaert AL, Nemoto EM, Safar P, et al: Thiopental amelioration of brain damage after global ischemia in monkeys. Anesthesiology 49: 390, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Kety SS, Woodford RB, Harmel MH, et al: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in scizophrenia, the effect of barbiturates seminarcosis, insulin coma, and electroshock. Am J Psychiatry 104: 765, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shapiro HM, Galindo A, Wyte SR, Harris AB: Rapid intraoperative reduction of ICP with thiopentone. Br J Anesth 45: 1057, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Marshall LF, Smith RW, Shapiro HM: The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries. I. Significance of intracranial pressure monitoring. II. Acute and chronic barbiturate administration in the management of head injury. J Neurosurg 50: 20, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Haff JT, Pitts LH, Spetzler K, Wilson CB: Barbiturates for protection from cerebral ischemia in aneurysm surgery. In Ingvar DH, Lassen NA (eds): Cerebral Function, Metabolism and Circulation. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1977, p 158.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Marshall LF, Shapiro HM, Rauscher LA, Kaufman NM: Pentobarbital therapy for intracranial hypertension in metabolic coma. Crit Care Med 6: 1, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Miller JD: Barbiturates and raised intracranial pressure. Ann Neurol 6: 189, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Trauner DA: Treatment of Reye syndrome. Ann Neurol 7: 2, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Crocker JFS, Bagnell PC: Reye’s syndrome: A clinical review. Can Med Assoc J 124: 375, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Badr A. Ishak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zehava L. Noah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ishak, B.A., Noah, Z.L. (1987). Neurologic Intensive Care. In: Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4202-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4202-2_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4204-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4202-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation